Reader-friendly take on cosmology, relativity, and quantum mechanics
I was touring this black hole with my trusty guide to the "neverending" universe by my favorite science writer Marcus Chown. I wanted to get just inside the horizon where time slows down so magnificently that I wouldn't age. The idea was then to somehow escape the black hole and come back home and see my investments so wonderfully grown.
But somehow I must have missed a chapter in Chown's book or maybe a section or something because no matter how hard I tried I didn't seem to be getting anywhere. The problem is that the gravity well is so intense that time is crawling by so incredibly slowly that I may never get home. I don't seem to be moving at all!
But since the universe is "neverending" and I got stuck such a long, long time ago (your time), what with Hawking's dissipation, things are beginning to look rather good. The hole is about to evaporate and I should be free. Ah, but now I remember: this evaporation is taking place something like one particle at a time and I will come out a bit thin. On the other hand despite having entered the horizon some billions of years ago, I really haven't made much progress and in fact I'm not really IN the black hole yet even though it's dissipating.
Curiouser and curiouser. Such is the world as it apparently REALLY IS.
Chown has a lot of fun with all the quantum weirdness along with a retrospective on Einstein's relativity. He writes with his usual charm and grace although don't be fooled: we are NOT enlightened. I still cannot imagine that very real but "cloudy" electron, probabilistically surrounding the proton. I cannot imagine something that is both a single-pointed particle and a wave. The duality of all matter suggests to me that there is a level of reality that we haven't reached yet. And probably one beyond that.
Chown starts out with "Small Things" (title of Part One). He goes on to--yes!--"Big Things" (Part Two) and finishes up with a rather good 31-page Glossary. I learned that the force of gravity "doesn't exist" (Chapter 9). That instead, as Einstein divined it over a hundred years ago, gravity is merely mass bending space and time. But space and time do not exist without matter and energy, so what's to bend? Of course I should be writing "spacetime." Chown has reminded me that Einstein declared space and time to be equivalent, just as gravity and acceleration are equivalent. But if gravity is just a force field, why are physicists still expecting to detect gravitons? Gravity waves I can understand rippling through spacetime, but gravitons?
Then again maybe this is not so confusing since waves are particle and particles are waves. (Such a mixed up world it is!)
Chown tries to dazzle us with such observations that we age less when flying than we do on the ground or that a cup of coffee weighs more when it's hot than when it's cold. But we know the differences are not measurable. And when he advises us that if the empty space in atoms were removed, the entire human race would fit inside the volume of a sugar cube, we are not impressed. After all, according to Big Bang theory the entire universe was once the size of an atom. If you can believe that.
I believe it. I just can't comprehend it. I take all of what I read on relativity and quantum mechanics and cosmology with a grain of salt. After all it wasn't so many years ago, as Chown notes, that our galaxy was thought to be the entire universe, and not too many generations before that, it was believed that the earth was the center of the cosmos and we its finest product. (Always with the hubris, we are!)
Anyway as I was grappling with the ancient conundrum, Why is there something rather than nothing? and reading Chown's explanation of why space can't be empty (since it would violate Heisenberg's uncertainty principle), and while I was imagining all those ghostly particles popping in and out existence, it occurred to me that nothing is impossible. No, not that nothing is impossible, but that the state of there being nothing is impossible. Or rather I mean to say that there has to be SOMETHING otherwise Heisenberg would be sorely embarrassed.
The subtitles to the chapters are how and why questions such as "How we discovered that light is the rock on which the universe is founded and time and space are shifting sands" (Chapter 7), or "Why we can never know all we would like to know about atoms and why this fact makes atoms possible" (Chapter 4). Typically following the subtitles are some witty sayings by (mostly) physicists or cosmologists. Here are three:
"Passing farther through the quantum land our travelers met quite a lot of other interesting phenomena, such as quantum mosquitoes, which could scarely be located at all, owing to their small mass." --George Gamow
"I woke up one morning and all of my stuff had been stolen, and replaced by exact duplicates." --Steven Wright
"When a man sits with a pretty girl for an hour, it seems like a minute. But let him sit on a hot stove for a minute--it's longer than an hour. That's relativity!" --Albert Einstein.
And in QM land, that's show biz!
Chown follows the subtitles and quotes with short fanciful stories such as a weapon that squeezes all the empty space from matter, reducing the enemy to practically nothing, beer creeping up the sides of glasses, and eye glasses that allow the viewer to see X-rays and microwaves.
Bottom line: this is a reader-friendly, non-technical guide to recent insights into cosmology, relativity, and quantum mechanics written by a guy who knows how to make those words dance.
--Dennis Littrell, author of “The World Is Not as We Think It Is”