Философия свободного духа

by Nikolai Berdyaev, Николай Бердяев

? Est dva tipa dushevnogo ustroeniya, kotorye stalkivayutsya na protyazhenii vsej chelovecheskoj istorii i s trudom ponimayut drug druga. Odin iz etix tipov prinadlezhit kollektivu, socialnomu bolshinstvu, i on vneshne preobladaet v istorii; drugoj prinadlezhit duxovnoj individualnosti, izbrannomu menshinstvu, i znachenie ego v istorii bolee sokrovennoe. Uslovno mozhno bylo by skazat, chto eto ?demokraticheskij? i ?aristokraticheskij? duxovnyj tip. Socialisty govoryat, chto privilegirovannoe menshinstvo vsegda v istorii chelovecheskix obshhestv ekspluatirovalo obezdolennoe bolshinstvo. No est drugaya istina, istina bolee glubokaya i bolee sokrytaya ot vneshnego kollektiv, kolichestvennoe bolshinstvo vsegda v istorii ekspluatirovalo i nasilovalo, pritesnyalo i gnalo kachestvennoe menshinstvo, duxovnye individualnosti, imevshie eros bozhestvennogo, ustremlennye k gornemu miru. ?

Genres: Philosophy

395 pages, Kindle Edition

First published January 1, 1927

About the author

Nikolai Alexandrovich Berdyaev was born at Kyiv in 1874 of an aristocratic family. He commenced his education in a military school and subsequently entered the University of Kiev. There he accepted Marxism and took part in political agitation, for which he was expelled. At twenty-five he was exiled from Kiev to the north of Russia and narrowly escaped a second period of exile shortly before the Revolution. Before this, however, he had broken with Marxism in company with Sergius Bulgakov, and in 1909 he contributed to a symposium which reaffirmed the values of Orthodox Christianity. After the October Revolution he was appointed by the Bolshevists to a chair of philosophy in the University of Moscow, but soon fell into disfavour for his independent political opinions. He was twice imprisoned and in 1922 was expelled from the country. He settled first in Berlin, where he opened a Russian Academy of Philosophy and Religion. Thence he moved to Clamart near Paris, where he lectured in a similar institution. In 1939 he was invited to lecture at the Sorbonne. He lived through the German occupation unmolested. After the liberation, he announced his adhesion to the Soviet government, but later an article by him published in a Paris (Russian) newspaper, criticising the return to a policy of repression, was tantamount to a withdrawal of this. He died at Clamart March 24, 1948.

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تمتد جذور الإنسان في الزمن لا في الأبدية، في الكون.