The Will of God, by Leslie D. Weatherhead (1893-1976), was written in 1944 and at only fifty-six pages long (my old publication), it remains a classic in helping to get one's thinking right about this subject. The book is actually a series of five sermons given at a very difficult time in England, "relevant to these days of loss and sorrow," yet also relevant to our current time of war and despicable world events.
Weatherhead says the phrase is used too loosely; often, after some horrible tragedy, someone will say, "It is the will of God." Weatherhead then offers a logical thought process which in essence says that one should not identify the will of God as something for which a man would be locked up! He argues that there are three distinct kinds of will:
The intentional will of God, the circumstantial will of God, and the ultimate will of God.
The confusion arises when we do not make the necessary distinctions about God's will. He gets right to the point: (1) "Was it God's intention from the beginning that Jesus should go to the Cross?...No...He came with the intention that men should follow him, not kill him. The discipleship of men, not the death of Christ, was the intentional will of God..." (2) "But when circumstances wrought by men's evil set up such a dilemma that Christ was compelled either to die or to run away, then in those circumstances the Cross was the will of God, but only in those circumstances which were themselves the fruit of evil." (3) The ultimate will deals with God's omnipotence. God cannot be finally defeated. Not "everything that happens is his will, but...nothing can happen which finally defeats his will."
The intentional will is about God pouring himself out in goodness and Wetherhead says "one of the first things we must do is to dissociate from the phrase 'the will of God' all that is evil and unpleasant and unhappy... [W]e must come to terms with the idea that the intentional will of God can be defeated by the will of man for the time being. If this were not true, then man would have no real freedom at all." Weatherhead spoke of many horrors of life, strongly declaring, "And if you say...'this is the will' of God, I say to you... blasphemy...these things spell a greater atheism than any verbal arguments man has devised...Call these things evil, call some of them inevitable evil because of widespread sin, but don't call them the will of God." (Leslie Weatherhead was clearly no wimp with these statements.)
He also confirms the idea that the "laws of the universe, which are themselves an expression of God's will, were not set aside for Jesus" on the Cross. And while he explains that well, he ducked the obvious question about the resurrection defying the laws of the universe, or all the miracles of the Bible not in accordance with the laws of nature, at least the laws where scientific knowledge exists. (A principle of wisdom: We don't know what we don't know.) In charity to Weatherhead, to discuss that subject here would have been tangential to his main points of this sermon series (which I have observed is a problem with sermons: Major theological questions go unexplored, in the interest of time no doubt, but are nonetheless used to support a point being made.)
Weatherhead gives several clarifying examples of the most difficult aspect, circumstantial will—the baby falling out of a five-story building, cancer, and germs, wondering about the evolutionary function served. It is the intentional will that man be in good health, but "let every sufferer...realize that if he makes the right reaction to these circumstances [of disease] the ultimate will of God will be reached as effectively as if he had not been ill. God would not allow cancer if of itself it had the power to defeat him."
Weatherhead acknowledges that it is difficult to explain; that it seems "casual of God to allow these things to happen if they are not his intention" but he also says that Jesus did not say, "I have explained the world." He did say, "I have overcome the world."
He offers this thought about seeing in a mirror darkly: "Frankly, hard though it be to say so, it is a lack of faith not to be able to bear the thought of anything that God allows." My guess is Weatherhead would have been an advocate of "tough love" and I kept thinking of "Job" when I read this book long ago, and again in recent years.
God's ultimate will, in spite of our attempts to work mostly for our wills, is "the redemption of man." He seeks our choosing him. "The omnipotence of God...does not mean that by sheer exhibition of his superior might God gets his own way. If he did, man's freedom would be an illusion...No 'end' which God has in mind can be imposed from without; for his end, the at-one-ment of all souls with him, must come from man's choice of God's way, not the impression of God's will in irresistible might which leaves no room for choice." Weatherhead calls the exercise of that kind of deterministic power, "a confession of weakness."
Speaking to the time, Weatherhead says, "These are days full of loss and pain, of suffering and sorrow. But they are not days of waste...They are the fruit of the whole world's sin." And we are not to despair since, one day, we may find that we are sadder at our despair than any experienced loss. He obviously speaks of the need to trust in spite of contrary evidence.
Discerning the will of God is an easily recognized problem—the jihadists behead infidels in the name of their version of God and Fred Phelps pickets soldier's funerals in the name of what, I don't know. (And I'm not conflating the two examples suggesting a relative evil.) Weatherhead suggests the following in helping us discern the will of God: Conscience, common sense, advice from a friend, reading great literature plus the Bible, consulting the church, the Holy spirit that he refers to the "inner light." He also acknowledges severe dangers with any of these but then asks, "Do I really want to discern God's will, or do I want to get his sanction for my own?...This is what I'm going to do. Please approve, because I want so badly to do it." Frankly, the whole gay marriage issue came to mind when I read that. He then asks, "Have I got the courage to do God's will when I discern it?" Figuring out the will of God is one thing; doing the will is quite another.
Weatherhead sees "In his will is our peace," for these reasons: (1) We lose the fear of getting lost. (2) The dread of responsibility for what happens is removed. Weatherhead is suggesting a deontological ethic (Kant). Do the right thing, under God's guidance, and God will deal with the consequences. This is as opposed to utilitarianism or consequentialism which suggests that the ends justify the means. (3) In God's will, man's conflicts are resolved. Weatherhead speaks of the value of conflict and the weakness of indecision but then says a guiding principle is "I will do God's will as far as I can see it." My interpretation of his bottom line message in this section is, "Fear not," and "Trust and obey" as therein lies man's peace. I know a few people who have this kind of inner peace; and for the record, they are mostly older women. I don't know what that implies....
Theologian Albert Outler once said, "What God asks of us is determined by who He is." Working on both elements of that aphorism is therefore a rather important project for the Christian.
Of course, none of this matters if you don't believe in God; or you do believe in a god of some sort, but a weak-willed god.