A thoroughly researched yet lively and readable account of the life of the infamous William Quantrill. This sets the record straight and sorts the facts from the many salacious accounts of Missouri’s most elusive warrior during the years just before, during, and immediately after America’s brutal Civil War. This gets the highest marks for me as I get the sense it is THE definitive account of this man, for whom few records actually exist. Quantrill was in hiding from about 1957 until his death shortly after the surrender of the Confederate army at Appomatox in April of 1965. I’m sure I’ll get some facts wrong in my review below, but here it flows from recent memory.
I was unaware of this book until I received this as a gift from my son-in-law’s father, a handsome hardcover with its original dust jacket, by the Ohioan historian Edward Leslie. Being both Missourians, my son in law’s father and I share a love of the Civil War and shock at the nearly unbelievable cruelty and violence that beset our state during the war. Briefly, Missouri was admitted as a slave state as part of the “Missouri compromise” when Maine was also admitted as a free state in 1820, in contrast to the adjacent “free soil” state of “bleeding” Kansas, where the pre-Civil War violence preceded the first state secession of South Carolina in 1865. Abolitionists were encouraged, sometimes remunerated, to move to Kansas to prevent expansion of slavery in the west, the best-known being John Brown. The border wars along the Kansas / Missouri line is terrain I know well, being raised in this part of the country, where the windswept rural landscape is riddled with rivers and ravines and thickets perfect for hiding and ambushing. Most of these skirmishes and battles are unmarked, as they were transient and in wild areas where the most skilled horsemen, and those with the best (often stolen) animals battled. The title of this book reflects his fact, as Quantrill was an expert horseman and had the ability not only to attack quickly, but the fall back, and escape as needed.
Those of you following college will know of the University of Kansas’ Jayhawks in the currently trendy town of Lawrence (40 miles from my youthful stomping grounds). The “jayhawkers” were Unionist men sent in Kansas to protect the border and root out the pro-slavery sympathizers (the guerrilla bands typically referred to as Bushwhackers. As this book describes, a few of these leaders not only put down their enemies, but went the extra mile in looting, burning farms, and murdering their fellow Kansans, as well as during excursions east across the border into Missouri. In contrast to Kansas, Missouri was largely populated by southern-leaning families from Kentucky, Virginia and others. The exception was the Union federal troops, encouraged by the powerful abolitionist sentiment growing in the eastern states, notable Massachusetts and New York. These federal forces were often German immigrants, confined to garrisons aimed at keeping the larger cities (Kansas City, Saint Louis) and armories safe from pro-slavery sympathizers. I can’t help but see some parallels even today in the “red” rural areas of my state compared to the starkly “blue” voters in the cities and the tiny enclaves of universities. This divide exists today in rancorous politics, in contrast to the open warfare of the Civil War era. My own great grandfather fought for the Union forces though he hailed from the nearly completely southern-leaning sentiment of his own Lincoln county (the reason for his unusual choice is lost to history, but we did get some lore passed down about his escapades and injuries that continue to be shared, such as the plate in his head and his nearly being bayoneted whilst hiding in a wheat sheaf). My brother is the family historian, and we enjoy discussing this.
The ”murderous” William Quantrill actually started out as a mild-mannered schoolteacher in Ohio, with no apparent passion for slavery one way or the other. His father died when he was young, and he lost most of his siblings in infanthood. Many children didn’t survive at that time due to the lack of understanding of infectious diseases and the lack of vaccinations. The family was destitute, so William set out to wander across the great Midwest, teaching school here. His mother never saw him again from 1957 till his death, and a precious few letters survive, mostly promising to send money to the family, which never seemed to materialize. Encountering the border wars, the young Quantrill became radicalized against the seemingly corrupt and violent forces of a man named Jemison, a corrupt and thieving marauder himself. The government simply couldn’t reign in this type of activity once the edict came down to “stamp out” the pro-slavery enemy. The author of this book must have spent years researching his subject, reading everything on the topic and with special access to information, because he separates accurate accounts from hearsay with a historian’s careful eye. Quantrill was such an incendiary character, and the second, third, fourth and further hand accounts were voluminous. What we do know is that he never married, never was proved to have sired a child, and spent the last 8 years of his life on the move with variously sized group of compatriots, including “bloody Bill” Anderson, William Todd, and the well-known young brothers Frank and Jesse James. What a rich treasure, yet frustratingly contradictory, the author must have encountered while assembling this highly readable, lively and chronological account of this most remarkable period in American history.
The creation of the border ruffian bands was often catalyzed by odd events, such as the collapse of a house in Kansas City where southern women were imprisoned, including relatives of Bill Anderson: Bloody Bill seemed to enjoy his infamy more than the others, there is an amazing photo in this book where the “rakish” Bill is posed (think Che Guevera) in a stylish hat and blouse, pistols bristling on his hips, next to another of his corpse post mortem. Some felt the women were crushed due to malfeasance or wanton carelessness of the Union Troops. This served greatly as a recruitment tool for not only the guerillas but the Confederate troops in Missouri (though the state narrowly voted not to secede, it was quite evenly split population-wise on the issue of slavery, and in the rural areas nearly everyone hated the Union). Although Missouri had few pitched battles between the blue and the gray, there were several battles whose sites can be visited today. The guerillas, though sympathetic to the confederacy, were not soldiers per se and, if captured, were often shot on site (vs. imprisoned as prisoners of war as per the rules of engagement largely in place). This made Quantrill and the other bands of guerillas even more daring and desperate during their many battles. The confederate leadership often collaborated with these bands, who “softened” key targets with their focused attacks on strategic resources (as well as to blatantly steal from the likes of stagecoaches, railroad trains, and steamboats on the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers).
Two consequential events beyond the collapse of the women’s prison are fairly well known. One was the August 1863 attack on Lawrence, KS – due to incompetence of the federal troops to protect the Free State city of the Midwest, on the Sante Fe Trail (Kansas as state was sparsely populated at this time). The “sack” of Lawrence was led by Quantrill and a team of over 400 men who rode all night from Liberty MO and murdered about 200 unarmed men and boys, stealing everything they could carry and torching the downtown and about 100 targeted homes (they had a hit list of Union sympathizing prominent families). Leslie, our author, gives a detailed account of this raid, not sparing in gory details, as this event was witnessed and recorded firsthand by many. The union troops failed not only to protect, but also to pursue. Thus, the raiders went back home in a hurry. The next Union leader event was the “Order 11” edict to finally destroy the Bushwackers once and for all by forcing civilians in key counties in Missouri to abandon their homesteads and farms. I used to wonder how the Bushwhackers survived, till I understood that they were fed, clothed and provided fresh horses by the largely sympathetic rural homesteads. As a consequence of Order 11, a good many family farms were burned to the ground, square miles of fertile farmland, as depicted in the famous painting by Caleb Bingham. But this edit only hardened the resolve of Quantrill and swelled the size of the Bushwhacking guerilla bands. The loosely organized bands, once cornered, would simply disappear into the wilds of their familiar terrain, to regroup later.
Long story short, Quantrill is eventually killed, and the account of his burial, reburial, and movements of his skull and bones is a bizarre story in itself (the skull was used for fraternity initiation for a period!). Eventually he was given a full military confederate soldier’s funeral in Higginsville, MO many decades after his death. This book was written in 1996, and the southerners presiding were complaining even then of the politically correct nature tendency of our culture (in hindsight that was a mild time).
Leslie has written an important book. What always amazes me is just how chaotic and violent the state of Missouri was from this time through the escapades of the James’ gang well after the war. During the war itself, the Bushwhackers often wore the blue uniforms of killed Union men, so your ordinary farms would often not know who was who. There was little peace, and constant fear, in the ordinary farmers (such as my own kin). You could be killed, your livestock stolen, and cabin burned to the ground. One had to choose a side, and regardless of that choice your life and those of your loved ones were at risk. Frank James didn’t die until 1930, well after my grandparents were born, so these events weren’t that long ago. I see remnants today, as Faulkner famously said “The past is never dead. It’s not even past”. Although my life is comfortable now, my heart is heavy with the knowledge that man’s inhumanity to man is always present, just waiting for a spark to re-emerge.