AN EXPOSITION OF THE IDEAS OF A NEAR-CONTEMPORARY OF FREUD
Georg Groddeck (1866-1934) was a German physician whose work had some influence on Freud (particularly in Freud’s concepts of the ‘Id’ and the ‘Ego’).
Lawrence Durrell wrote in his Introduction to this 1923 book, “Groddeck was the only analyst whose views had some effect on Freud; and Freud’s ‘The Ego and the Id’ is a tribute to, though unfortunately a misinterpretation of, Groddeck’s ‘IT’ theory… Groddeck, while he accepts and employs much [of Freud]… [he] is separated forever from Freud by an entirely different conception of the constitution and functioning of the human psyche… fundamentally he did not share Freud’s views upon the nature of the forces within the human organism which make for health or sickness. And this is the domain in which the doctrines of Groddeck and of Freud part company… Groddeck emerges as a natural philosopher, as incapable of separating body and mind as he is incapable of separating health from the disease… for Groddeck the whole psyche with its inevitable dualisms seemed merely a function of … an unknown quantity---which he chose to discuss under the name of the ‘It.’ [‘Es’ in German.]” (Pg. v-vi)
Groddeck wrote the book in the form of a series of letters to an imaginary female friend [who he refers to as ‘Fair lady’ and ‘my dear’], signing the letters as ‘Patrik Troll.’
In Letter II, he explains, “I hold the view that man is animated by the Unknown, that there is within him an ‘Es,’ an ‘It,’ some wondrous force which directs both what he himself does, and what happens to him. The affirmation ‘I live’ is only conditionally correct, it expresses only a small and superficial part of the fundamental principle, ‘Man is lived by the It.’ With this Unknown, this It, my letters will be concerned.” (Pg. 11)
He suggests, “If we like, we can think of life as a masquerade at which we don a disguise, perhaps many different disguises, at which nevertheless we retain our own proper characters, remaining ourselves amidst the other revelers in spite of our disguise, and from which we depart exactly as we were when we came...’ (Pg. 13)
He ends this letter, “what I am trying to say in all my ramblings: the IT, that mysterious something which dominates us, is just as careless of the distinction of sex as it is of differences in age. And with that I think I shall at least have given you some idea of the irrationality of its nature. Perhaps you will also realize how it is that I am sometimes so womanish as to want to bear a child…” (Pg. 19)
In Letter IV, he states, “if giving birth is really a sensuous pleasure, why then have the paths of birth been misrepresented as never-to-be-forgotten woe?... now and again I have met a mother who has said to me, ‘The birth of my child, in spite of all the pain, or rather because of it, was the most beautiful experience I have ever had.’ Perhaps… that woman … can never be quite sincere about her feelings, because it is her destiny through life to have to abominate sin. But how people come to connect sex-pleasure with sin will never be fully explained.” (Pg. 37)
In Letter VI, he says, “I do not know whether I have yet succeeded in making clear to you the great significance of the transference… Do not forget that I am speaking about the It, that nothing is so sharply defined as the words would seem to imply… man has within him a certain amount of emotional capacity … Now there can be no doubt about one thing: the greatest part of this amount of emotion, nearly the whole of it, man bestows upon himself. Another part, relatively small yet extremely important in life, can be directed toward the outer world… everything connected with life can be used by man as an object of affection or repulsion.” (Pg. 55-56)
In Letter VIII, he wrote, “Frieda had not only turned against her mother during her pregnancy, but she had formed so surprising an attachment to her father that even now… she still dwells on it. There you have the Oedipus complex of which you must have heard already… By the Oedipus complex is understood the passion felt by the child for the parent of the opposite sex… mother and daughter are always and without exception rivals and therefore are endowed with the reciprocal hatred of rivals.” (Pg. 71)
In Letter XIII, he asserts, “Illness has a purpose; it has to resolve the conflict, to repress it, or to prevent what is already repressed from entering consciousness; it has to punish a sin against a commandment, and in doing that it goes so far that one can draw conclusions as to the time, the place, and the nature of the sin that is to be punished, by considering the time, the place, and the nature of the illness… In other words, sickness, every sickness, whether it is called ‘organic’ or ‘nervous,’ and death, too, are just as purposeful as playing the piano, striking a match, or crossing one’s legs. They are a declaration from the It, clearer, more effective than speech could be, yes, more than the whole of the conscious life can give. ‘Tat van asi,’ [‘That art thou’]” (Pg. 101)
In Letter XIV, he states, “the life of man is governed by the Oedipus complex… its application to your own life, to mine, to anybody’s else, you must make for yourself. But you must not lose patience; the life of the unconscious is hard to decipher and know I make nothing of a few mistakes.” (Pg. 104)
In Letter XVIII, he asserts, “That the rite of circumcision really has become connection with castration I am inclined to believe, since its inception is associated with the name of Abraham… at some time or other there has been substituted the sacrifice of an animal… Circumcision accordingly would be the symbolic remnant of the religious castration … castration and circumcision are … indeed identical, for to me… the fact first became clear comparatively late, that a castrated man, a eunuch, is something distinct from a circumcised man.” (Pg.141-142)
In Letter XXVI, he says, “So the playing with numbers interests you, my dear? I am glad to hear that… that you even quote further examples, pointing out that 13 is the number who partook of the Last Supper,and connecting the fear that the 13th guest at the table must die with the death of Christ upon the Cross, gives me hope that your opposition to my It-talk will gradually disappear… Has it never surprised you how closely the two conceptions, Christ and Judas, are interwoven?” (Pg. 192)
In Letter XXXI, he recounts, “When I was working for a few months in a hospital for the wounded, I tested my amateur, ‘wild’ analysis---which I still stand by---and saw that wounds and broken bones responded to the analysis of the It in just the same way as nephritis or heart failure or a neurosis.” (Pg. 231)
This book may interest people studying the development of psychoanalysis.