Plato, the great philosopher of Athens, was born in 427 BCE. In early manhood an admirer of Socrates, he later founded the famous school of philosophy in the grove Academus. Much else recorded of his life is uncertain; that he left Athens for a time after Socrates' execution is probable; that later he went to Cyrene, Egypt, and Sicily is possible; that he was wealthy is likely; that he was critical of 'advanced' democracy is obvious. He lived to be 80 years old. Linguistic tests including those of computer science still try to establish the order of his extant philosophical dialogues, written in splendid prose and revealing Socrates' mind fused with Plato's thought. In Laches, Charmides, and Lysis, Socrates and others discuss separate ethical conceptions. Protagoras, Ion, and Meno discuss whether righteousness can be taught. In Gorgias, Socrates is estranged from his city's thought, and his fate is impending. The Apology (not a dialogue), Crito, Euthyphro, and the unforgettable Phaedo relate the trial and death of Socrates and propound the immortality of the soul. In the famous Symposium and Phaedrus, written when Socrates was still alive, we find the origin and meaning of love. Cratylus discusses the nature of language. The great masterpiece in ten books, the Republic, concerns righteousness (and involves education, equality of the sexes, the structure of society, and abolition of slavery). Of the six so-called dialectical dialogues Euthydemus deals with philosophy; metaphysical Parmenides is about general concepts and absolute being; Theaetetus reasons about the theory of knowledge. Of its sequels, Sophist deals with not-being; Politicus with good and bad statesmanship and governments; Philebus with what is good. The Timaeus seeks the origin of the visible universe out of abstract geometrical elements. The unfinished Critias treats of lost Atlantis. Unfinished also is Plato's last work of the twelve books of Laws (Socrates is absent from it), a critical discussion of principles of law which Plato thought the Greeks might accept. The Loeb Classical Library edition of Plato is in twelve volumes.
Plato (Greek: Πλάτων), born Aristocles (c. 427 – 348 BC), was an ancient Greek philosopher of the Classical period who is considered a foundational thinker in Western philosophy and an innovator of the written dialogue and dialectic forms. He raised problems for what became all the major areas of both theoretical philosophy and practical philosophy, and was the founder of the Platonic Academy, a philosophical school in Athens where Plato taught the doctrines that would later become known as Platonism. Plato's most famous contribution is the theory of forms (or ideas), which has been interpreted as advancing a solution to what is now known as the problem of universals. He was decisively influenced by the pre-Socratic thinkers Pythagoras, Heraclitus, and Parmenides, although much of what is known about them is derived from Plato himself. Along with his teacher Socrates, and Aristotle, his student, Plato is a central figure in the history of philosophy. Plato's entire body of work is believed to have survived intact for over 2,400 years—unlike that of nearly all of his contemporaries. Although their popularity has fluctuated, they have consistently been read and studied through the ages. Through Neoplatonism, he also greatly influenced both Christian and Islamic philosophy. In modern times, Alfred North Whitehead famously said: "the safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato."
Feels weird for an amateur to review the foundational work of western philosophy. Theres nothing I can say that hasn’t been said a thousand times before. People kept recommending stopping at book VII, but I’m glad I didn’t. I’ll be thinking about this book for a long time
Like with most movie sequels, this second volume of The Republic, comprising books 6 through 10, turned out to be a letdown. Plato's basic argument ends in book 4, where he says that justice is nothing but the harmony of the parts of the soul (which could arguably be equated with "mental health", in naturalistic terms). His conclusion is premised on the idea that the ordering of the soul is mirrored in the ordering of the city-state. In a just city-state, the citizens, separated into castes, stick to their assigned roles; no one asks for or takes anything that is not necessary for their life/work, and everyone gets his due. This order is maintained by the philosopher-king, conveniently enough. Likewise in the soul, no part steps outside its bounds, and reason rules. This is what justice as a virtue consists in a person. To a modern reader, this is all very questionable, to say the least. Books 5 and 6 of The Republic flesh out what the city-state might be like: an overly rigid, nightmarish place. Plato knows that human nature, as it is, would stand in the way of his city, so he comes up with the most fascistic ideas on how to transform it, e.g. abolishing the nuclear family and expanding it to include the whole of the city, and abolishing art and replacing it with propaganda to maintain conformity of thought. As if this were not bad enough, book 7 tells us that the kind of rulers the just city will have is the kind that in reality would be most unfit, because instead of being wise in practical matters, they would be trained in purely theoretical disciplines, at the end of which they would be able to contemplate "Justice as it is in itself" or, which is the same, justice in the absolute, whose value is not relative in any way. But then how can one make a connection between this rarefied view of justice and the "relative" justice that holds between citizens and the parts of the soul? Plato has lost the thread. Books 8 and 9 are perhaps the more ludicrous, for here Plato wants to describe how it is that the perfectly just city/person becomes the perfectly unjust city/person by means of the worst kind of armchair psychology. The perfect city/person will degenerate first to timocracy, then to oligarchy, democracy and, finally, tyranny. It is all very forced, and I could not help rolling my eyes a few times. Also in book 9, Plato finally answers the challenge from Glaucon of whether being just has good consequences for the person, even when one can get away with injustice unseen. Plato says that the good consequence is happiness, for the soul is well-ordered; while being unjust brings unhappiness for the opposite reason. For myself, I reject Plato's definition of justice as psychic harmony. It's obvious to me that psychic harmony is not justice but mental health. Book 10, according to most scholars, is the odd one out. It begins by bashing poetry as deceitful, then it argues that being just also has divine rewards in the afterlife, and ends with the myth of "Er", in which the virtue of justice is said to have positive effects in our future reincarnations. The Republic is considered by many to be a classic of Western literature, and I would agree, with the following qualification: if you want a serious, philosophical discussion on the nature of justice, read the first 4 books. It is not that the rest are worthless; they can spark interesting discussions too (as is the case with the allegory of the Cave in book 7), but the good bits are buried in so much fantasy and faulty reasoning that you will probably get frustrated with the reading. By the middle of this second volume, I lost patience not a few times. But, who knows, maybe you are more patient than I am.
"Plato is philosophy, and philosophy, Plato". R. W. Emerson.
A República, de Platão, é sem sombra de dúvidas um dos livros fundamentais da humanidade. Sua importância, seu valor, sua força inspiradora já foram testemunhados por muitos ao longo desses dois últimos milênios.
E, a despeito de todas as transformações, a despeito do que pode ser considerado a dissolução final do Ocidente, Platão e sua obra continuarão influenciando decisivamente as gerações do porvir.
Isso porque, enquanto houver inteligência sobre a terra, enquanto a voz do Espírito for ouvida neste baixo mundo e os homens buscarem guiamento para viverem uma vida mais de acordo com sua essência última, Platão será um farol, uma luz a iluminar o caminho a ser trilhado na direção do Agathon.
Στο πέμπτο βιβλίο ο Σωκράτης προτείνει την κοινοκτυμοσύνη γυναικών και παιδιών για τους φύλακες και αναρωτιέται γιατί αναθέτονται σε θηλυκά σκυλιά η φύλαξη του κοπαδιού, θα πρέπει λοιπόν και οι γυναίκες να αθλούνται γυμνές. Στο έκτο βιβλίο υπάρχει η εικόνα του καραβοκύρη που τον εξαπατούν οι ναύτες του καραβιού, η εικόνα του ήλιου και της γραμμής. Στο έβδομο βιβλίο παρουσιάζεται η αλληγορία του σπηλαίου και εξετάζονται τα μαθήματα της ιδανικής πολιτείας. Στο όγδοο βιβλίο εξετάζονται τα πολιτεύματα και πως γίνεται η εκφύλισή τους από τη βασιλεία, στην αριστοκρατία, στην ολιγαρχία, τη δημοκρατία και την τυραννία. Στο προτελευταίο βιβλίο αντιστοιχούνται τα πολιτεύματα με τις ανθρώπινες προσωπικότητες. Στο τελευταίο βιβλία κυριαρχεί ο μύθος του Ηρός.
Wow! This is a book that, in order to profit in the highest degree, requires reading more than once-likely several times. What may be a surprise to lay readers like me, this book is not about politics. Rather it is about being a good person, namely, justice. And unlike other books on the subject of philosophy, this one is not boring because it is told as a dialogue.