The pamphlet consists of two lengthy letters Proudhon wrote to the critic M. Romain-Cornut toward the end of 1851 explaining the basis of his ideas. They were intended to for publication in La Presse, but failed to appear due to the December 2 coup in France. Proudhon says of them: "They can be regarded as the author's philosophical and social profession of faith."
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (15 January 1809 – 19 January 1865) was a French socialist, politician, philosopher, economist, and the founder of mutualist philosophy. He was the first person to declare himself an anarchist, using that term and is widely regarded as one of anarchism's most influential theorists. Proudhon is considered by many to be the "father of anarchism". Proudhon became a member of the French Parliament after the Revolution of 1848, whereafter he referred to himself as a federalist. Proudhon described the liberty he pursued as "the synthesis of communism and property". Some consider his mutualism to be part of individualist anarchism while others regard it to be part of social anarchism.