Israël-Palestine, la solution : un État

by Ghada Karmi, Eric Hazan (Translator)

Créer un État de toutes pièces sur une terre déjà habitée par un autre peuple : l’équation du sionisme depuis 1947 est insoluble. On verra dans ce livre comment la politique israélienne a poursuivi cette folle idée par la voie des armes et l’escamotage des négociations, avec le soutien inébranlable des puissances occidentales. Le « processus de paix » qui privilégie depuis quarante ans la solution à deux États affiche un bilan désastreux : Israël continue son expansion illégale et construit l’apartheid, l’État palestinien n’est qu’une collection d’enclaves sans pouvoir et le droit au retour des réfugiés n’est même plus discuté.
Contre la politique du statu quo, Ghada Karmi montre que la seule solution qui puisse aujourd’hui satisfaire le besoin de justice des Palestiniens, réfugiés compris, et le besoin de sécurité des Israéliens est celle d’un seul État laïque en Palestine historique, dont tous les habitants jouiraient des mêmes droits. Elle défend cette idée avec lucidité, « non pas comme un but immédiatement atteignable mais comme une vision, une aspiration et une foi dans l’humanité des Palestiniens et des Juifs et de tous ceux qui souhaitent les voir vivre en paix ».

Genres: Nonfiction, Politics, History, Middle East

160 pages, Paperback

Published April 8, 2022

About the author

Dr Ghada Karmi was born in Palestine and then had to flee with her family when it became Israel. She grew up in Britain and now she's a doctor, author, academic, and well-know international commentator on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

Ghada still vividly remembers a huge bombing just behind her house in Jerusalem. "It was absolutely dreadful. I was bewildered, I was scared - I could see my parents were scared, which is very scary for a child because you think your parents know it all and they look after you. I knew, from that moment on, things had changed for us. I didn't know how, but things weren't going to be the same again."

After fleeing their family home, her family eventually settled in London. "My mother was very angry about the loss of the homeland. She didn't speak English, she didn't want to come that far afield, she just wasn't prepared. I'm afraid she never adapted, she stayed very Arab. I think it's a very great tragedy, one of the many, is people like my mother, who could not accept her exile, and was never really happy in Britain - and never found happiness again, in fact."

Unlike her mother, Ghada settled in fairly quickly. "I was a child. I made friends, I became very much part of the English way of life. I married an Englishman! I felt not just integrated, but assimilated."

Her idea for a one-state solution in the Middle East hasn't got much support as yet. "This is still a minority view. There is a constituency for it, on both sides, and also by the way among non-Jews and non-Palestinians, but the good news is - this constituency is growing. A few years back nobody was talking about the one-state solution. Today, three or four years on, we are hearing more and more voices raised in support. That, to me, shows that the trend is growing."

Reviews

[Stephanie · Rating 4 out of 5]

As a Jewish person who had just lived in Israel for a year, I chose this book as a starting point to seek more information from the Palestinian perspective in light of the most recent events. I believe wherever your ethnic, religious, or political affiliations lie, it is of utmost importance to do research and gain knowledge from various media forms, and viewpoints in order to strengthen your knowledge and understanding of worldwide events.

I really appreciated Ghada Karmi's commentary backed by a fascinating bibliography. To be honest, I never read an argument for a one-state solution that accounted for the needs and histories of both groups, so I really enjoyed learning about the bi-national and unified secular models. I also appreciate how Karmi shed a light on the history of attempted diplomatic peace offerings, which heavily, and unfairly favoured the Israeli side. Karmi expresses her points beautifully and articulately, which made for a wholly engaging read! I did not agree with every point made, but I'm really glad to have picked up this book; I would love to check out her memoir too!

[Mathilde Hdt · Rating 4 out of 5]

Cet essai est fouillé, instructif et objectif. Difficile néanmoins pour ma part de souscrire à sa thèse, surtout lorsqu’on sait que de l’aveu même de Ghada Karmi, la solution à un État soulève des objections « difficiles à réfuter ». Le contexte de génocide actuel a donné raison à l’une d’entre elles : « la majorité des palestiniens […] pensent même que c’est une idée dangereuse qui risque de détourner de l’attention de la lutte urgente contre l’occupation ». Les massacres en cours à Gaza hurlent l’impossibilité d’Israël à renoncer au projet sioniste et l’impératif palestinien de refuser une « solution » si consensuelle.

[Owen Hatherley · Rating 4 out of 5]

Thoughtful, clear and in the circumstances remarkably humane survey of surely the only logical and fair way out, which now seems further than ever.

[Marcy · Rating 4 out of 5]

This is an important book for people who want to see a different way of looking at Palestinian liberation. Karmi's book takes you through the historical contexts related to Zionism, Palestine, and the British colonialism that has mired West Asia in turmoil for over 75 years. The first few chapters may be a bit of a review for people who know the history, but the last few chapters are quite informative and useful as Karmi goes through all of the various variations for imagining what one state could look like in historic Palestine and argues persuasively why that's the only real way forward.

[Oscar Jelley]

"It was beyond belief that in 2022 the people of Gaza could have been subjected for 15 years to the inhumane conditions of a deadly siege without any effective attempt on the part of the world community to end it. Such gross Israeli abuses of power have led me to wonder more than once why it was that Israel did not go the whole way: bomb Gaza to smithereens, for example, deport the Palestinians en masse, and raze their towns and villages to the ground. Who would have stopped Israel had it done so? Certainly not the European powers, which meekly followed the US's lead, and not the Arab states, which were incapable of independent action. And of all the Muslim states which supported the Palestinian cause, only Iran espoused it fully, but whether it would ever be in a position to challenge the US-Israeli axis on Palestine's behalf was unknown and unlikely."

Don't feel like giving this a star rating, but needless to say it's worth reading, especially at this bleak moment when the solution Karmi proposes appears more desirable and less feasible than ever.

[Benjamin Solidarity · Rating 5 out of 5]

Karmi lays out the logic well of the case for a one state in Palestine-Israel exceedingly well. Karmi also goes further than other writers on this topic in being forthright about the roadblocks and difficulties to achieving this solution and draws out the pros and cons of different approaches. Rarely the difference between bi-nationalism or single democratic state are spelled out, so this book does a great job at that.

[Odeya Toivanen · Rating 5 out of 5]

erittäin tärkeä ja monipuolisesti argumentoitu teos yhden valtion mallin puolesta Palestiinan alueen kriisin ratkaisemiseksi.

mun tän syksyn tavoitteena on laajentaa ymmärrystä Israel-Palestiinan tilanteesta ja historiasta ja tää oli erinomainen avaus siihen.

suosittelen kaikille.

[Charlie K · Rating 3 out of 5]

A great work that seems to attempt a few different analyses to varying degrees of success. As a historiography of what solutions have been suggested for the conflict, it is very interesting and provides a unique insight. Its framing of the conflict itself, putting forward a history that places the Nakba and Zionism itself at its core, a core that must be overcome for any just and (crucially) lasting resolution is important, and remarkably relevant considering it was written before October 7th and the current war.

It's charting of various different one-state solutions does help frame the argument. However, I find Karmi's argument against binationalism a little underwhelming and unconvincing. But it is still well-written and has given me a lot to think over since finishing it a few weeks ago.

I also found part of her history of the conflict to be incomplete, but I can't fault it too much for oversimplifying considering that it isn't the primary thrust of the book.

[emy · Rating 4 out of 5]

son exposé est claire, traîne parfois un peu en longueur (notamment le chapitre IV). selon moi son argumentaire sur la solution d’un seul état ne prend pas suffisamment en compte les monstruosités causées par Israël depuis plus de 70 ans sur le peuple palestinien ainsi que les conditions d’incarcération et le genocide

« à la fin, la région sera plus forte qu’Israël, à la fin le peuple indigène sera plus fort qu’Israël »

[Alexandra · Rating 4 out of 5]

Lisez le quoi!!!!!!!

[Leila Assaad · Rating 4 out of 5]

Educational, logical and well-written.

[Sarah Ensor · Rating 3 out of 5]

It’s refreshing to read a book that takes seriously a “One-state solution” to the perpetual crisis in Israel and the Palestinian territories. It describes a democratic secular state with civil rights for all its citizens and the right of return for refugees. Such a state would fill the borders of historic Palestine from Lebanon in the north to the Red Sea in the south, the Mediterranean Sea to the west and the river Jordan to the east.

This was published before the Hamas-led attack on 7 Oct 2023 when 1200 Israelis were killed and several hundred were taken hostage. Israel’s war on Gaza in response continues and over 25,000 Palestinians have been killed to date by the Israeli military. It has turned Gaza into a vast sink of malnutrition, disease and creeping or sudden death and hundreds of Palestinians have been murdered in the West Bank by settlers and vigilantes armed by the Israeli state.

Karmi describes the ultimate source of this horror, the 1917 Balfour Declaration by British authorities in Palestine who supported the principle of a Jewish homeland, a “little loyal Jewish Ulster in a sea of potentially hostile Arabism”. Then the 75 years since the 1948 war when 750,000 Palestinians were driven from their homes by forces that became the Israeli military. Thousands of Palestinians were murdered then for being Palestinian and the colonial-settler state of Israel was born. Karmi sketches the various deals and proposals for peace deals since, culminating in the 20-year siege of Gaza and the racist apartheid system that operates throughout Israel and the Palestinian territories now. Karmi describes the material benefits of being Jewish in Israel and sketches the restrictions Palestinians live under.

She looks at ideas of “bi-nationalism” and how popularity for a one-state solution has increased or waned over the years with a review of publications, books and conferences about it. Anyone honestly looking for a just solution to this horror can understand that two states in historic Palestine isn't it.

There are flaws here (p46-7) with simplistic analysis of historic Jewish communities in Europe. It wasn’t the “hold of traditional Judaism” in Eastern Europe that resulted in the “quasi-ethnic identity of their own”... where the “ majority of Eastern European Jews lived in ghettos, apart from their non-Jewish compatriots, and traditionally led separate lives.” This misunderstands how Jews experienced virulent, murderous racism and laws that restricted where they could live, their education and jobs Jews were allowed to work at.

It's worse when Karmi says, “Jewish assimilation in Europe provoked the creation or worsening of powerful anti-Jewish in Russia and elsewhere to which the term antisemitism was first applied in modern times.” It’s factually inaccurate and blames victims of antisemitism for their own persecution.

The lack of class analysis probably reflects Karmi’s own class position and may account for a misunderstanding of what ended apartheid in South Africa (p139) and her conclusions about how Palestinians can achieve their liberation. The end of apartheid in South Africa did not “come about after the withdrawal of foreign, especially US support caused by a large-scale, external anti-apartheid campaign and, most importantly, economic sanctions”. The external campaign put pressure on the racist South African government and showed ordinary people there fighting apartheid that they weren’t alone and the world wasn’t indifferent. But the enormous strikes by its huge, highly organised and militant Black working class paralysed South African capitalism and forced some of its ruling class to understand that apartheid had to go to save their national capitalist interests and themselves.

Karmi is not talking about anyone being forced out but she notes that at times of Palestinian resistance there is a rise in Israeli emmigration. She sketches the deals and treaties involving various governments and ruling authorities that have failed spectacularly. She also wonders whether the “uprising” of May 2021 could happen again, only stronger and with a broader movement of Palestinians to achieve liberation. I completely understand why any Palestinian wants to feel they needn’t rely on other forces than themselves. But Palestinians don’t have the social and economic weight that almost any other working class in the Middle East has. The May 2021 general strike had a serious impact on construction and transport and was a huge display of unity. But millions of Palestinians are excluded from great swathes of the Israeli economy which is why they rely so much on aid.

There also isn’t much clarity about what Karmi calls the “US/Israeli axis” and "Western-influenced” governments in the Middle East and why they support the Israeli state or, in the case of Arab states don't seriously oppose Israel. The US wants to maintain its imperialist interests and governments in the Middle East fear their own people and will protect themselves at all costs. We saw that when the various dictators crushed the 2011 revolutions.

But the enormous protests for Palestine recently across the region show how strongly ordinary people feel that Palestinians are their siblings and the injustices done to them are insults to all of them. They want their own lives to be better too.

The book ends with a prediction that the Israeli state’s continuing repression of the Palestinians will inevitably breed retaliation but Israelis did not expect to be hit so hard. Hamas’s “al Aqsa flood” used the tactics that the IDF usually mete out to Gazans and Israelis are very angry about it. So, far right Israeli ministers make genocidal statements about killing as many Palestinians as possible and Netanyahu will do anything to save his own career.

The worldwide protest movement for Palestine is huge and growing and if it develops and deepens it could reshape the whole region, which is what US and Middle Eastern governments, including Israel fear. It seems a long way off but that's also why ultimately only a single democratic, secular state could be an expression of civil rights and justice for everyone who lives now and in future within Palestine’s historic borders.

Despite my criticisms this is a useful book and it underscores why without justice for the Palestinians there will be no peace.

[Tori]

DNFing this @ 25% because while i agree with the author’s contention that a one state solution is the only just state solution in palestine and israel, i find it genuinely disturbing to see the khazar hypothesis repeated so credulously in 2023. this is a belief for which there is no good evidence outside of a few fringe studies, and which is likely impossible to prove or disprove. it was a pet theory of ezra pound, derived from nineteenth-century race science, and remains popular amongst russian antisemites today.

immediately after relating this theory the author concedes that it’s not even important to her argument - even if ashkenazi jews do originate from the levant (as all the evidence suggests they do), this doesn’t give them the right to impose an ethnostate on the palestinians. which leaves me confused as to why she felt the need to include a section on a theory widely considered antisemitic and why an editor didn’t suggest removing it to begin with…

[Tom M (London) · Rating 5 out of 5]

Ghada Karmi published this book in 2023, just weeks before her most dreadful prediction came to pass:

"Such gross Israeli abuses of power have led me to wonder more than once why it was that Israel did not go the whole way: bomb Gaza to smithereens, for example, deport the Palestinians en masse, and raze their towns and villages to the ground. Who would have stopped Israel had it done so? Certainly not the European powers, which meekly followed the US lead, and not the Arab states, which were incapable of independent action."

That is exactly what has happened.

Although any book on this topic is bound to be superseded by events, this one is punctuated by lightning flashes of insight that help us to understand the disastrous situation in Palestine/Israel, the most relevant of which, it seems to me, is to see parallels between the long and painful struggle of the Africans in America, and the equally long and painful struggle the Palestinians may have to face in the future, after the obvious and (she argues) inevitable unification of Palestine and Israel somehow comes to pass.

Again and again, the Author points out that of all the places in the world that are dangerous for Jews, Israel is the most dangerous of all: an invented country created in somebody else's territory at a time when it might have been thought that the age of imperialism was dead, and that is only able to survive by becoming grossly militarised and supported by the United States, whose aim is to retain a pro-American ally that will help it (it thinks) to control events in the Middle East. Israel was doomed from the outset to be a country permanently at war.

Writing about the so-called Two-State Solution she wonders "why did Western governments persist in the charade of making empty pledges to the Palestinians about something they knew could not happen?"

Ghada Karmi's family was thrown out of Palestine in 1948 by the Zionist terrorists, and like millions of her compatriots she has had to live in exile ever since. She is the Author of several important books, some about her personal experience as an exile, and some about her political thinking.

One of the many useful parts of "One State" is a detailed review of the large body of literature that has been published on the subject of re-unification of Palestine as a single state where the human rights of everyone are guaranteed. Many thinkers besides herself have envisaged what this new country could look like, drawing comparisons with the experience of other divided societies, from Cyprus to South Africa.

At present, of course, we are stuck at an impasse. The Palestinians would never accept to share a country with the very people who usurped them in the Naqba of 1948 and for their part the Israelis would, seemingly, never give up their Zionist dream of a Lebensraum stretching all the way to the RIver Jordan. And yet this rapprochement, Karmi argues, is the only solution.

Once again we are faced with the age-old, fundamental problem of the existence of nation-states, of which Antonio Gramsci once wrote: "this, it appears, is the harsh fate of humans: an instinct that takes possession of us and makes us want to devour one another, rather than join forces to overcome our base nature and make it serve human needs better".

Once again we must hope that the small groups of like-minded Palestinians and Israelis that exist today will become numerous and powerful, and will take things to the next step. With that in mind Karmi describes many of the inspiring ideas there have been that envisage how this exciting new Middle East might be.

"I have a dream" said Martin Luther King. We need something similar for Palestine/Israel. Ghada Karmi has given us a timely and scholarly (but very readable) footnoted summary of the rich patrimony of ideas and actions we have seen thus far and that have brought the Middle East to where it is now.

Certainly there is more to come; her book is a milestone on a long. long road and is important reading for anyone who really wants to see where it may be leading.

[Anne Tucker · Rating 5 out of 5]

Everything I wanted from a book about the issues facing Palestine and the history and processes by which we got here - and this book was written in 2022 - before the 7/10/23 attack and the resulting response from Israel.
The inequity of the situation is expressed so clearly it is heart rending ; the immense superiority in both military support and media obfuscation is so clearly outlined;
and she does not flinch from clearly discussing the mistakes in tactics made by the PLO and PA since the 1979s.
I learned so much about the impotence if the UN abd how contradictory are the various resolutions especially 242.
I always thought that one democratic state was the solution but was persuaded that this was impossible so I began to see 2 state as a first option ( as did the PA in desperation) a bit like N Ireland assembly , hoping that the 2 halves of Ireland would manage eventually to reconcile but I really hadn’t previously understood the real concept of Zionism which makes any sharing of power an impossibility.
The clear findings of this book are that one state is essential / the Palestinians and surrounding Arab countries will never allow that to get Greater Israel and the Israelis will never agree unless they no longer get the support of the USA, UK and EU. So the campaign is on for us to make the inevitability of this make these powers see sense. Some challenge especially as the USA and UK’s history of trampling on indigenous people when they were colonising (Aboriginal people in Australia and Native American population in America) is so very bad …. But it did work in South Africa when it became massively uneconomic eventually. We must work to make BDS more effective.
And help support our Jewish neighbiurs to see that they are infinitely less safe in Israel than as part of other countries where they are living.
So pleased to have read this

[Nolan · Rating 4 out of 5]

This book tends to poison the well somewhat by obscuring the antithetical information to the author's point until much later in the same chapter or even later in the book, and occasionally omits important context to make a better point, rendering this more of a polemical work than something strictly scholarly, but that's far from saying this book has no value or isn't insightful. The section titled "The One State Solution", taking up the bulk of the book, is the most polished section with the most cogent layout, with the smallest rate of editorial errors (something niggling that occurs throughout One State), and one imagines the essay that served as the starting point for the full book.

The author persuasively categorizes the failures of a two-state solution to date, and why it simply will not be feasible for, frankly, any of the parties involved in any peace process - Israeli, Palestinian, and otherwise. To prevent the likeliest outcome - that being the status quo of a gradual settler and military encroachment on the West Bank and Gaza, a slow-motion ethnic cleansing - the best bet is one of the various forms of a single state outcome, almost all of which involve Israelis having to come to terms with the unseriousness of Zionism as a valid geopolitical strategy. One hopes Likud and co. remove their heads from the sand in time.

[Marie Castoldi · Rating 4 out of 5]

La démonstration de l’état unique comme seule solution viable est bien argumentée et très convaincante.
Les détails des différentes tentatives de processus de paix au fil des années sont organisés dans le livre d’une manière moins claire, et un peu difficile à suivre avec beaucoup de redites. Le propos aurait été parfaitement clair et percutant avec une chronologie linéaire et 50 pages de moins.
J’ai été surprise par les partis-pris réducteurs de l’autrice, au milieu d’un exposé historique très sourcé. La colonisation et le régime d’apartheid sont bien sûr indéfendables, mais d’après elle tous les peuples vivaient en paix avant Israel et les Palestiniens n’avaient jamais connu la violence. De tels propos manichéens peuvent mettre en doute l’objectivité de son analyse.
Malgré tout, c’est un essai important et plein d’espoir pour l’avenir.

[☽ Chaya ☾ · Rating 4 out of 5]

4.5

This was so interesting. For the longest time, I thought that though imperfect, the two state solution was the most realistic option for the future. However, I'm now fully convinced (and I realise that deep down I always kind of knew) that the one state option is the only option. Ofc ideally the colonial-settler state of Israel should've never existed in the first place.
I like Ghada Karmi's pragmatism although I was a bit taken aback at first cause I had never heard of the one state solution in these terms.
This isn't a book for someone who's first encountering the history of Palestine and its future. I'd say you'd have to have some background before reading this. It's a bit technical and dense at times. But such a good book!

[Pádraig Mac Oscair · Rating 3 out of 5]

Compelling study of why practically every other attempted solution has failed for the Palestinians, and why, despite being the last thing the Israeli government are likely to accept, there may be no alternative to a secular one-state solution. This book was written and published before October 7th but is even more relevant now, sadly.

The one cause for hope is that the upsurge in global pro-Palestine sentiment and action observed by the author in 2021 has only intensified since despite having gone on for six months, and might finally force the issue on boycotts and sanctions against Israel.

[Mireia · Rating 5 out of 5]

This was written in October 2022:

'It was beyond belief that in 2022 the people in Gaza could have been subjected for 15 years to the inhumane conditions of a deadly siege without any effective attempt on the part of the world community to end it.

Such gross Israeli abuses of power have led me to wonder more than once why it was that Israel did not go the whole way: bomb Gaza to smitheerens, for example, deport the Palestinians en masse, and raze their town and villages to the ground.

Who would have stopped Israel had it done so? Certainly not the European powers, which meekly followed the US's lead, and not the Arab states, which were incapable of independent action.'

[Nina · Rating 3 out of 5]

Essai extrêmement intéressant, il a définitivement amélioré ma compréhension de la situation, et m'a éclairé sur l'aberration qu'est le sionisme.
Toutefois, ce n'est pas du tout une lecture facile d'accès. L'autrice part du principe que nous connaissais énormément de points du problème Palestino/israelien. Or, ce n'est évidemment pas le cas, et cela à tendance à rendre la lecture compliquée.
Je ne pourrai pas recommander ce livre à quelqu'un qui souhaite développer ses connaissances sur le sujet mais qui n'a pas l'habitude de lire des essais.

[Cara · Rating 5 out of 5]

I've read a lot of books on Palestine. This is one of the best I've read, if not *the* best. Karmi is an outstanding writer. The book is not long, and it is accessible for beginners, but it's one of those books you can tell years of research went into. Some of the quotes and insights, like on Arafat's motivations for accepting the Oslo Accords and the author's personal conversations with other Palestinians around the one state solution, were new and surprising to me.

I wish this book were required reading in US high schools. Or at least for US presidents!

[Jenni · Rating 4 out of 5]

Deeply pro-Palestine book that explains and advocates for a one-state solution.

I don’t think I agree with that conclusion, but the author did a remarkable job detailing the types of forms that state could take, what the pushback would be, what political forces would affect that process, etc. Lots of content I wasn’t yet familiar with, which is rare. Lots of tabs.

Even though the author is clearly very pro-Palestine, I found her analysis to be pretty thorough and relatively unbiased in terms of the types of facts and arguments she chose to present/rebut.

4.25/5.

[The New Arab]

Ghada Karmi’s latest book, One State: The Only Democratic Future for Palestine-Israel advocates for the one-state solution as the only possibility – a vision that is faced with many political impediments. Read The New Arab's review here: https://www.newarab.com/features/one-...

[Aurélie · Rating 4 out of 5]

Très très bien
L'énumération de toute les solutions proposées par le passé, de toutes les solutions possibles est extrêmement intéressante et permet de mieux comprendre la question
Je garderai "il ne faut pas se demander si la solution à un état est faisable mais si elle est souhaitable" (la réponse est oui, mais ne nous laissons pas abattre devant la difficulté de mise en place)

[Angeline Tolley · Rating 5 out of 5]

This was my first time reading an academic text, and I really enjoyed it. I have been becoming more political but I had never truly read into the proper academia; it is well organised, succinct and comprehensive. I believe this to be a worthwhile and educative read.

[Laura · Rating 4 out of 5]

For those who want to deepen into the situation of the Palestinians and Israelis and possible solutions that will lead to peace and justice in the region. I always thought the ¨Two state solution¨ was the only one but this book has opened my eyes to an alternative: one state where all palestinians and israelis, with the same rights for all can live together. But for this, as the brilliant Ghada Karmi explains, there must be reparation, ideological changes and a big PR campaign.

At the beginning of the book she explains the historical facts and puts readers in context so they can understand why this solution would be in her opinon the best one.

[Eloise · Rating 3 out of 5]

it was disheartening to read this in 2025, which is no fault of the author. However, it does make it difficult to support her argument. There was also not really any references to how Hamas would factor in when making a one-state solution, because everyone knows that's a no-go for Israel.

[Kate Page · Rating 5 out of 5]

A clear, articulate and passionate call for justice and equality for Palestinians. Well worth reading.

[Hope · Rating 5 out of 5]

Sharp and accessible, perfect for people who don't know where to start or feel like they're pretty informed. My favorite book I've read so far on the topic (next to Hamas Contained)