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Izquierda y derecha en el cosmos, simetría y asimetría frente a la teoría de la inversión del tiempo

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Libro de divulgación científica de Martin Gardner acerca de temas relacionados con la simetría y la asimetría en la cultura humana, en la ciencia y en el universo.

Publicado por primera vez en 1964, el original en inglés fue publicado nuevamente en 1969, en 1979, en 1990 y en el 2005 (las dos últimas se publicaron con la anotación: "Tercera edición, revisada"). Originalmente publicado con el título The Ambidextrous Universe: Mirror Asymmetry and Time-Reversed Worlds, las ediciones posteriores en inglés se publicaron como The New Ambidextrous Universe: Symmetry and Asymmetry from Mirror Reflections to Superstrings.


El libro comienza con el tema de los espejos, y de allí pasa al tema de la simetría en la poesía, en las formas, en el arte, en la música, en las galaxias, en los soles, en los planetas y en la vida silvestre. Aborda luego la física a escala molecular y cómo la simetría y la asimetría han evolucionado desde los inicios de la vida. Uno de los capítulos habla sobre el carbono y su versatilidad, y los últimos ocho capítulos versan sobre el denominado problema de Ozma.
El problema de Ozma

El capítulo 18, "El problema de Ozma", plantea una situación que, según el autor, surgiría si la Tierra entrara en comunicación con vida de otro planeta a través del proyecto Ozma. Este problema consiste en la dificultad para comunicar la diferencia entre izquierda y derecha cuando a los dos comunicantes no les fuese posible ver ningún objeto en común. El problema lo planteó por vez primera Immanuel Kant en su discusión sobre la izquierda y la derecha, William James lo mencionó en su capítulo sobre "La percepción del espacio" en sus Principios de psicología (1890). También lo mencionó Charles Howard Hinton.

La solución al problema de Ozma la incluyó Chien-Shiung Wu en un experimento que implicaba el decaimiento beta del cobalto-60. Este experimento fue el primero que confirmó la violación de la paridad. Sin embargo, Gardner añadió, en el último capítulo de su libro, que el problema de Ozma sólo puede resolverse en nuestra galaxia: debido a la naturaleza de la antimateria, una antigalaxia conseguiría el resultado opuesto a partir del experimento llevado a cabo por Wu.

310 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 1964

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About the author

Martin Gardner

493 books503 followers
Martin Gardner was an American mathematics and science writer specializing in recreational mathematics, but with interests encompassing micromagic, stage magic, literature (especially the writings of Lewis Carroll), philosophy, scientific skepticism, and religion. He wrote the Mathematical Games column in Scientific American from 1956 to 1981, and published over 70 books.

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Displaying 1 - 17 of 17 reviews
Profile Image for Arley.
29 reviews1 follower
February 27, 2015
La física, cuando no se estudia con constancia, requiere de un gran ejercicio mental para su comprensión, eso fue lo que causó este libro, además de curiosidad y un profundo sentimiento de ignorancia. Por eso precisamente, es que logra el objetivo de cualquier obra de divulgación científica.
Profile Image for Enrique Oviedo.
281 reviews15 followers
May 23, 2021
La facilidad de Gardner para hacer comprensibles conceptos como la fuerza de Coriolis, el spin de las partículas o el magnetismo es impresionante.
Es una lástima que, debido a que el libro tiene ya unos cuantos años, haya, hacia la parte final, algunas partes que se han quedado un tanto obsoletas.
Con todo, es una lectura altamente recomendable para cualquiera que quiera un acceso sencillo y muy didáctico a la física de partículas y las teorías sobre el cosmos.
Sin duda, uno de los más grandes divulgadores de la física y las matemáticas que han existido.
Profile Image for Manny.
Author 47 books16.1k followers
March 12, 2009
Is there an objective difference between "left" and "right"? (Directions, not political philosophies). If you had to explain it in a radio message to an alien intelligence somewhere else in the Universe, who couldn't see any of the things you had around you, what would you say? Is it even possible in principle?

In case you didn't know, it turns out that the answer is yes! But it REALLY isn't obvious. Martin Gardner does a good job of telling the story.
Profile Image for Julia Johnson.
18 reviews2 followers
August 16, 2025
Martin Gardner is a wonderful mathematical writer, including excerpts and comments from across the literature in physics, philosophy, math, and the like from the 1960s when this was published. So while dated for a scientific work, it is still a worthwhile read, both for the clarity of his explanations and for the way he conveys the sense of wonder at symmetry’s role in nature and thought.

The Ambidextrous Universe explores the strange and profound role of symmetry and asymmetry in both nature and human experience. Employing the analogy of Alice Through the Looking-Glass throughout, Gardner asks: would drinking the milk in the mirror be the same glass of milk? This whimsical image frames the problem of left and right, a question that runs from human handedness to the laws of physics. Our bodies, art, and even cognition show deep bilateral structures: the right brain governing holistic patterns in art, melodies, facial recognition, intuition, emotion, while the left is language, logical, analytical, mathematical.

At the molecular and cosmic scales, symmetry is even more consequential. Molecules with the same atoms can differ by arrangement, isomers, while stereoisomers form asymmetric mirror images, determining whether they bend polarized light clockwise (dextrorotary) or counterclockwise (levorotary). This asymmetry threads into life itself: proteins, nucleic acids, and the very origins of living matter in the “primordial soup” all depend on chiral building blocks. Gardner connects this to questions of communication and universality, noting the Ozma Project’s puzzle of how to establish left and right with extraterrestrials. At the deepest level, physics once assumed symmetry was absolute, but the discovery that parity is violated in beta decay and that “time invariance [is] violated in certain weak interactions” reveals nature’s subtle asymmetric peculiarities. Time itself, Gardner explores, has arrows: entropy, cosmic expansion, radiation, psychological consciousness, and the mysterious arrow in weak interactions. As Eddington put it, “the arrow of time” always seems to point toward disorder, though the universe from a Boltzmann perspective remains as “an obviously rich mixture of vast, overall movements toward chaos, with small patches where things are moving the other way.”

Gardner, an admirer of Vladimir Nabokov’s writing, weaves in references from his stories and poems to capture the human experience of time and physical laws. One striking example comes from Lolita: “It was a pleasant diaphragmal melting with elements of diffused tactility, all this enhanced by the thoughts that nothing could be nearer to the elimination of the basic physical laws than deliberately driving on the wrong side of the road; in a way it was a very spiritual itch.”
Profile Image for Jim Razinha.
1,511 reviews90 followers
December 31, 2020
Pasting my 2012 review from the “New” edition here. Not sure why the description for all editions is Spanish...

Excellent book. I see why it was nominated as one of the New Scientist 25 Most Influential Popular Science books. I have long counted Gardner's Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science as one of the most influential science books I have read and this is as excellent in a different way.

Covering symmetry and parity from biological to cosmological to quantum scales, Gardner is at his typical best in summarizing broad subjects and tantalizing the reader with intriguing depths. How he managed to find all those sources throughout his entire writing career amazes me. Find and digest. Without benefit of electronic searches. Wow. And to boil down the complexities into a readable form. I think the only people who don't miss him are the pseudoscientiists.
Profile Image for Matt Chapman.
6 reviews
April 29, 2024
Great read but the version I read was published in 1970. The exercises throughout keep your mind ticking. Some of the writing is beautiful to read. Overall I really enjoyed the book but I can’t help feeling that it was a little out of date. The first chapter really made my head spin when I realised I don’t know how a mirror works. That really captured me to read the book. It has a nice structure to the book too.
4 stars.
Profile Image for Pablo María Fernández.
487 reviews21 followers
April 21, 2021
Una ventaja de Gardner como divulgador es su relación de primera mano con titanes de la ciencia que sabían que su columna en Scientific American era la puerta de entrada a una público masivo. Se ve reflejado cuando en el prólogo dice al pasar que Roger Penrose (reciente Premio Nobel) le revisó un capítulo.

Al igual que otros libros es un recopilado de artículos que modificó o rehizo para esta tercera edición -por lo perecedero de este tipo de contenido-. Sabiendo que pasaron otros treinta años desde su publicación es rescatable lo anecdótico o las nociones básicas que aporta más que su contenido específico. Sirve como una introducción, un puente a los temas y puede luego irse a Wikipedia, YouTube y otras fuentes para complementar y traer a hoy las ideas que se plantean.

Abarca muchos temas: espejos, magia, galaxias, el cuerpo humano, cristales, moléculas, el origen de la vida, la cuarta dimensión, las antipartículas y más. Es un gran caleidoscopio que si se le dedica un rato puede despertar bastantes intereses. Lo que más me llevo es una gran cantidad de lecturas, sobre todo de ciencia ficción a la cual -salvo Bradbury- no le dediqué muchas horas.

Más sobre esta reseña y otras en:
https://pablomariafernandez.substack....
71 reviews13 followers
November 3, 2014
This is not fiction, yet much more interesting than many a fiction book. It is about symmetry, both real and apparent, and about mirrors and palindromes and things and things and things... Things you see and use everyday, things so habitual you even do not even notice - and things not so very usual, unheard-of, perhaps.

It will take you quite some time to read the book, because, while reading it, you might want to stop and experiment, just to find out whether what`s written is true. It is. But experimenting with mirrors and letters and things still is fun!

Written decades ago, the book has not become out of date (let alone obsolete) at all. It has been translated into many languages, which is a good thing; I do believe it should be translated into even more languages, and re-translated, and re-published, and read at least once. It`s about the world we live in being much more amazing that we have ever noticed.

It is fun!
Profile Image for Ben Weeks.
19 reviews3 followers
January 16, 2011
What happens when you invert not only your reflection but your universe? Gardner breifly touches this and many other concepts in his very wide, but light, book. From inquiry to one's handedness to the order of the universes. Gardner's musings feed thought, some which has solved his questions after this book's printing in 1969.
Profile Image for Laura L. Van Dam.
Author 2 books158 followers
August 18, 2024
Otra reseña que estoy segurisima de haber escrito pero que ahora no aparece. Para mí este libro no sólo es el mejor de la colección (o al menos de los que tengo y he leído) sino que fue central para elegir mi carrera universitaria. Gardner fue un gran divulgador, en sus libros y en sus columnas de acertijos matemáticos que si no me equivoco publicaba Scientific American
62 reviews1 follower
July 26, 2008
how come when you look in a mirror, left and right is reflected but not up and down? Why are there two ways to depict every assymmetrical thing? Read it and weep.
Profile Image for Adrian Herbez.
69 reviews6 followers
December 23, 2013
I generally love Martin Gardner, but I found this book to be a bit underwhelming, but I think that was mainly because it covered a lot of ground that I've seen in other books. Also,
Profile Image for Jose Moa.
519 reviews78 followers
August 21, 2016
Chirality in the nature ,nobody knows why the nature chose one alone chirality in the molecules of life an the violation of parity in the weak interactions
Displaying 1 - 17 of 17 reviews

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