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The Duke of Alba

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An engrossing biography that attempts to fathom the motivations of an infamous sixteenth-century Spanish general. Ferdinand Alvarez de Toledo, the third duke of Alba (1507-82), is known to history as "the butcher of Flanders." The general who carried out Philip ll's repressive policies in the Netherlands, he was responsible for the massacre of thousands of men, women, and children, considering it better to lay waste an entire country than leave it in the hands of heretics. Alba came to represent for contemporaries as well as for future generations the unacceptable face of Spanish imperialism. In this intriguing re-evaluation, Henry Kamen narrates the duke's personal history, looking beyond the conventional image to reveal motives and to explain rather than simply to condemn. Kamen examines the early years of Alba's life, his travels over the whole of Europe, and the complex military and political career that made him Spain's leading general of the imperial age. Drawing on the duke's rich and expressive surviving correspondence, Kamen explores Alba's beliefs and considers his infamous actions within the contexts of his time and of the monarchs--Emperor Charles V and King Philip II of Spain--whom he served.

204 pages, Hardcover

First published January 1, 2004

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About the author

Henry Kamen

85 books64 followers
Henry Kamen is a fellow of the Royal Historical Society in London and an emeritus professor of the Higher Council for Scientific Research in Barcelona.

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Displaying 1 - 12 of 12 reviews
Profile Image for William.
126 reviews18 followers
August 25, 2011
Kamen is a great historian of sixteenth and seventeenth century Spain. In this work the author provides a brief study, compared to William Maltby's work, on the Duke of Alba. I was especially interested in Kamen's coverage of Alba as a military commander under Emperor Charles V and later Philip II of Spain. Solid study, and recommended to students seeking to know more about Alba's role in the Dutch Revolt.
Profile Image for Walt.
1,220 reviews
April 24, 2014
I always approach a book from an academic press with some trepidation because I expect an overabundance of analysis and detail. Readers can quickly lose interest, not to mention the main points of the book, through getting lost in citations. However, Kamen blatantly writes for a general audience and keeps things fairly simple and close to the main character. This short book is an excellent overview of the duke and his role in the Dutch Revolt.

Historians may have some familiarity with the famous duke and general; but there are few details. He is one of those military greats who win few major engagements; but typically won wars. The Dutch Revolt was a glaring failure on his record. However, Kamen goes through his success in Italy, Germany, Portugal, and early phases of the Dutch Revolt. Kamen does an excellent job describing the duke's military success and analyzing these engagements. Only at the end of the book, does Kamen make vague references to other famous generals and compare them to Alba.

The brevity of the book allows readers to remain focused on Alba. Although there are only seven chapters and 170 pages, each chapter has multiple breaks allowing readers to rest and digest the information. However, the brevity also can hinder the casual reader who is not as familiar with the general history of Europe, especially the early-modern part or the wars of religion. There is more to the Dutch Revolt than the tenth penny tax. Only in the conclusion does Kamen direct more fault towards Alba's son. While not an apologist for Alba, Kamen does analyze and question many popular conceptions regarding Alba's fame.

Overall, this is an enjoyable, informative, and well-written. There is not an overabundance of detail. Kamen judiciously cites letters by the main characters; but these provide evidence to support his claims and are properly cited. The book brilliantly illustrates many of the controversies of this figure and his era.
Profile Image for Saige.
12 reviews
April 17, 2024
Don’t get me wrong this biography is great but also the reason why I don’t wanna major in history… reading this brought out every emotion not because it’s an emotional read but because I could not keep up and when I tried I couldn’t. I’d recommend this to a historian!
Profile Image for Glenn Robinson.
424 reviews16 followers
May 22, 2014
The butcher of the Belgiums. the late 1500's was a brutal time to live in Europe. This bio gave insight into one of the Spanish leaders that made sure that all followed the line of proper Catholicism. While he did not organize the St. Bartholomew Day Massacre of 20,000+ Protestants, he certainly thought it was a prudent effort. He harsh treatment of the leaders and citizens of the Netherlands, almong with the murderous activities of his son (the son led the throat slitting of towns across the Natherlands) led to the revolt of the United Provinces. Evidently, the Duke of Alba is thought well in Spain, but not elsewhere.
Profile Image for Francis Weyns.
23 reviews2 followers
July 3, 2020
De Bloedraad! Ketters! Willem van Oranje! De biografie over de hooghartige en hondstrouwe hertog van Alva leest als een kruising tussen een Alexandre Dumas en Game of Thrones. Hoewel het eerste deel nogal houterig geschreven leest wordt het tweede deel, wanneer Filip ll zijn trouwe generaal naar de Nederlanden stuurt, echt interessant. Kamen, een specialist in de Spaanse geschiedenis van de zestiende eeuw, slaagt er in om een ingewikkeld verhaal waar je in de intriges zou kunnen verdwalen, op een bevattelijke manier te vertellen, zonder de bronnenkritiek uit het oog te verliezen. Aanrader.
Profile Image for Jaime Fernández Garrido.
413 reviews21 followers
April 22, 2025
Conociendo a Henry Kamen, es evidente que cuando escribe este libro intenta encontrar el lado bueno de Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, tercer duque de Alba, a quien de hecho denomina en el título "El Gran Duque de Alba". Pero, el historiador se encuentra con que la realidad es una. y solo una, y deja muy mal a este militar que sirvió a cargo de Carlos V y, sobre todo, de Felipe II.

En sus conclusiones finales, Kamen intenta suavizar las brutalidades del duque de Alba, asegurando eso de que no se puede juzgar con la mirada actual los comportamientos antiguos. Dejando de lado que eso no es más que una falacia para justificar comportamientos aberrantes, lo cierto es que el trato que el duque de Alba dio a otros humanos fue totalmente deleznable y así se lo hicieron saber ya en su época, no sólo desde Europa, donde sufrían sus desmanes, sino también desde España. Por suerte para él, y desgracia para los demás, tuvo casi siempre a un defensor que le dejó las manos libres para sus salvajadas: Felipe II.

Kamen nos cuenta que ya desde niño, con seis años, su abuelo le llevó a la conquista de Navarra, y con 16 participó, sin permiso de nadie, en la toma de Fuenterrabía. Desde ahí hasta su muerte cambió poco y siempre consideró que la mano dura era lo que necesitaba cualquiera que no fuera castellano, por pura xenofobia, o que no fuera él mismo, por puro egocentrismo. En su lecho de muerte, según el historiador, aseguró que no sentía ni una de las gotas de sangre derramadas, y fueron muchas.

Sus primeros desmanes los cometió ya en Cataluña, en tiempos de Carlos V, donde le consideraron un militar con exceso de arrogancia, y los culminó en la invasión de Portugal para encumbrar a Felipe II como rey. Allí, ya viejo, y gotoso, era incapaz de controlar a sus tropas, sedientas de botines y arrase total.

Entre medias, de todos modos, vinieron sus peores crímenes, cuando le mandan a Flandes, le colocan como gobernador, crea el Tribunal de la Sangre y arrasa un país, dejando detrás miles de muertos, decenas de miles de exiliados, una situación de terror generalizada y una economía destruida debido a los impuestos que él mismo se inventa. Y para ello cuenta con su hijo Fadrique, sangriento, cruel y putero como él, ya que los dos frecuentaban prostitutas de manera habitual. Por supuesto, el "gran" duque de Alba tenía un hijo "natural" y se casó con su prima, todo muy típico de la alta moral de la época.

Por la culpa de este militar, que jamás participó en ninguna de las grandes batallas de la época (como también nos recuerda Kamen), la leyenda negra se hizo realidad y los españoles nos convertimos en unos monstruos sanguinarios que arrasábamos ciudades sólo para que sirviera de ejemplo a otras. Además, el resultado fue inútil, porque ninguno de los crímenes de este señor sirvieron para nada, ni a la larga ni a la corta. Su biografía, por tanto, al igual que el resultado de su estrategia se podría titular como "La vida de un inútil".
Profile Image for Jordy.
166 reviews14 followers
August 5, 2022
The most important and, at the same time, the only Spanish general of his time that mattered. Both emperor Charles and king Philip valued his advice for decades, but who exactly was this complex man?

In this biography of the duke, author Henry Kamen tries to paint a historically accurate picture of the person itself. Both the positive and the negative aspects of Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, get put in the historical context of the time.

I think that Kamen paints a negative picture of the duke of Alba, which isn't that surprising considering he says he wants to debunk the myth of Spanish traditionalists. At the other hand, he also attributes some positive aspects like loyalty and respect to the duke. The author is a bit biased for a historian, but it's hard not to be when you look at the duke"s accomplishments.

For a biography, written with the intention of motivating people to read more about the duke, it reads pretty complete. It reads well, it incorporates a lot of primary sources and sometimes the author throws in a bit of humor. I liked the writing style.

Even for someone who knows very little about history, this book should still read well. It gives more insight into the classic frame of the evil alba, as most of us probably learn to view him like that at an early age.
Profile Image for Felixmarte_de_Hircania.
28 reviews2 followers
April 22, 2025
Henry Kamen es un historiador que se dice hispanista, pero es un "hispanista" bastante curioso, pues presenta un importante sesgo anti-español y anti-católico (por esto, siempre atraerá a lectores con esos mismos sesgos, un tipo de idiota muy reconocible y dispuesto a cantarle las alabanzas). Por tanto, me parece más recomendable, por no presentar este sesgo, la biografía de William S. Maltby, del mismo nombre "El gran duque de Alba", editada por Atalanta, y de la que el propio Kamen reconoce tomar mucho, por cierto.
Profile Image for Альберто Лорэдо.
149 reviews4 followers
August 4, 2022
Really well researched into the Duke's and other main actors correspondence to give a really good 360 view of this character. The author also balances the bad press the duke has after his tenure in the Low Countries with the reality and how he acted.

Fully recommended.
59 reviews1 follower
April 20, 2021
Il libro restituisce, a mio parere, un ritratto adeguato del duca, senza incensarlo o demonizzarlo ma restituendo quella che è la storia più vicina possibilmente alla realtà.
345 reviews9 followers
November 26, 2022
Sigue su vida casi año a año, pero manteniéndose pegado a las fuentes (sobre todo epistolares) y sin inventar ni suponer, con lo que resulta muy ecuánime.
Profile Image for Jesse Weinberger.
Author 1 book5 followers
February 14, 2017
I'm a huge genealogy nerd and came across this book while researching one particular branch of my own family which looks like it might be connected to the Dukes of Alba.

Well written with mountains of excellent information.
Displaying 1 - 12 of 12 reviews

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