The homicide detectives of the Baltimore Police Department investigate murders – a great many murders – as do the homicide detectives of every big-city police department throughout the United States. And in 1988, Baltimore Sun journalist David Simon spent the entire calendar year, from January 1st through December 31st, with the Baltimore Homicide Division, accompanying the detectives to crime scenes, watching them interrogate suspects and testify in court. The result, published in 1991 as the book Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets, remains one of the most powerful and influential true-crime narratives ever written.
Over the course of that calendar year of 1988, much is revealed regarding what might be called the politics of murder. Baltimore, then as now, was plagued by drug-related violence, and therefore a number of the murders that these homicide detectives investigate are what some of the detectives might regard as “ordinary” murders – one drug dealer killing another. These murders must be investigated, and a conscientious attempt must and will be made to find the killer, and to secure an arrest and conviction. Viewers of Homicide: Life on the Street (1993-99), the long-running television show based on Simon’s book, will remember the “big board” on which the names of victims from closed murder cases are written in black, while the names of still-open cases are written in red. On the “big board,” all murder victims are created equal.
But then there are those murders where the victim is truly innocent, completely unassociated with the drugs and crime that plague Baltimore; and such a crime, depending on the victim’s circumstances, can become what the Baltimore Homicide detectives call a “red ball” – a case that draws saturation coverage in the Sunpaper and on channels 2, 11, and 13, and may also elicit interest from the Mayor of Baltimore and the Governor of Maryland, all of which increases the pressure on detectives to solve the case quickly.
Such a case was the murder of a little girl named Latonya Wallace – a girl abducted and killed in February of 1988, on her way home from the library. The peculiarly horrible circumstances of her murder mean that her case is a red ball, “and a red ball brings the whole shift into a case for better or worse” (p. 100). Every case is assigned to a lead detective; and the lead detective on this case, a young detective named Tom Pellegrini, is plagued throughout his investigation by “the feeling that he is not completely in control of his case” (p. 100).
Ten months later, Detective Pellegrini is still working the Latonya Wallace case, determinedly, stubbornly. Revisiting in October the site where Latonya Wallace’s body was discovered in January, Pellegrini, who has visited the site throughout the changing seasons of 1988, reflects that “the alley only looks right in colder weather – the bleak and pale vision to which he had grown accustomed months ago. The seasons shouldn’t change in this alley, he thinks. Nothing should change until I know what happened here” (p. 509).
While most of Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets is chronological and narrative, Simon sometimes takes a step back from the day-to-day investigation of homicides to take the reader inside the procedural aspect of homicide investigations. In the March 3 entry, for example, Simon invites the reader to place themselves inside the mind of a murderer who has been brought to Homicide for interrogation. One sees the array of forms that the detectives make sure to have the suspect sign, and then one sees the strategies that the detectives utilize in hopes of eliciting a confession. Among the most effective of those strategies is what the detectives call “the Out”:
Homicide detectives in Baltimore like to imagine a small, open window at the top of the long wall in the large interrogation room. More to the point, they like to imagine their suspects imagining a small, open window at the top of the long wall. The open window is the escape hatch, the Out. It is the perfect representation of what every suspect believes when he opens his mouth during an interrogation. Every last one envisions himself parrying questions with the right combination of alibi and excuse; every last one sees himself coming up with the right words, then crawling out the window to go home and sleep in his own bed. More often than not, a guilty man is looking for the Out from his first moments in the interrogation room; in that sense, the window is as much the suspect’s fantasy as the detective’s mirage. (p. 206)
The detective offers the suspect the Out – “He came at you, didn’t he?” – and the suspect cautiously takes the Out – “Yeah…he came at me” (p. 204). And thus a case is cleared, moving from red to black on the “big board.”
Another such stepping-back occurs when Simon describes the work that takes place in the autopsy room where the bodies of murder victims are examined for evidence that can be used in arrests and prosecutions of murder suspects. Simon is unflinching in setting forth the experience of a visit to the autopsy room: “The sights, the sounds, the smells – there is nothing else in a detective’s frame of reference to which that basement room on Penn Street can be matched. Even the crime scenes, no matter how stark and brutal, pale against the process by which the murdered are dissected and examined: that is truly the strangest vision” (p. 400).
The details in this part of the book are difficult and sometimes stomach-churning. I will not quote them here.
Sometimes, a case is personal for the detectives, as with the May 1988 trial of Butchie Frazier, a man who has been arrested for the attempted murder of a police officer. The wounded officer, Gene Cassidy, was shot in the head multiple times. He survived, but he lost his sense of sight, smell, and taste. His wife was pregnant at the time of the shooting, and he will never get to look at their child. Frazier has a long history of violent crime, and the detectives and the prosecutors all feel that they have their man, and a very good case against him.
Yet when the case goes to the jury, the detectives can hear shouting from within the jury room, and they start to fear that a seemingly “slam-dunk” case against Butchie Frazier may not result in a conviction after all, as “the angry voice of one juror carries above the others and is heard at the bottom of the jury-room stairs. They always lie, shouts the juror. You got to convince me” (p. 301).
Was Butchie Frazier ultimately convicted for the attempted first-degree murder of Officer Gene Cassidy? You’ll have to read the book to find out.
In an epilogue, author Simon remarks that “The boundaries of this narrative – January 1, 1988, and December 31, 1988, are necessarily arbitrary, an artificial grid of days, weeks, and months, imposed on the long and true arc of men’s lives” (p. 609). Yet what the calendar-based organization of the narrative does is reinforce the ongoing day-to-day reality of the grinding, stressful, dangerous, mentally and spiritually draining work that homicide detectives do.
I read Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets over the course of a calendar year, picking up the book each time the date on the calendar matched the date on which Simon was setting forth his experiences and impressions. I found that returning to this grim world, day after day – even if vicariously, through the pages of a book – took a toll on me. I can’t imagine what it does to the detectives.
If you are interested in reading Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets, then I would recommend that you seek out the 2006 edition of Simon’s 1991 book; it includes a “Case Closed” section in which Detective Lieutenant Terry McLarney, one of Simon’s key informants for the Homicide project, provides his own irreverent impressions of Simon’s year-long “ride-along” with Baltimore Homicide. Also included is a “Post Mortem” in which Simon describes the progress of Homicide from non-fiction book to television series, and Simon’s subsequent career. The book The Corner: A Year in the Life of an Inner-City Neighborhood (1997), co-written by Simon and former Baltimore Homicide detective Ed Burns, was adapted in 2000 as a TV miniseries. From there, Simon and Burns moved on to develop the critically praised TV series The Wire (2002-08).
And, more than 30 years after Simon’s year with Baltimore Homicide, violent crime in Baltimore remains a terribly serious and pervasive problem. In 1988, the year of Simon’s internship with Homicide, there were 237 murders in the city; in 1991, the year of Homicide’s publication, 304 murders took place. The worst year on record, so far, was 1993, with 353 murders. Back in 2024, I happened to open the Baltimore Sun and read how city leaders were marking the fact that the number of murders in the city in 2023 was “only” 262, after eight straight years of more than 300 murders.
The problems that Simon described in 1988, in short, are still with us; and homicide detectives in Baltimore and every other major American city still pursue the seemingly Sisyphean task of addressing an epidemic of violent crime that continues to take a horrific toll, particularly within impoverished and minority communities. Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets is a depressing book, but it is an important one.