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Análisis terminable e interminable
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Aus dem
"In einem Zusatz zur Krankengeschichte (1923) habe ich schon berichtet, daß dies nicht zutraf. Als er gegen Kriegsende als mittelloser Flüchtling nach Wien zurückkam, mußte ich ihm dabei helfen, ein nicht erledigtes Stück der Übertragung zu bewältigen; das gelang in einigen Monaten, und ich konnte den Nachtrag mit der Mitteilung schließen, daß "der Patient, dem der Krieg Heimat, Vermögen und alle Familienbeziehungen geraubt hatte, sich seitdem normal gefühlt und tadellos benommen hat". Die anderthalb Jahrzehnte seither haben dies Urteil nicht Lügen gestraft, aber doch Einschränkungen daran notwendig gemacht."
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) war ein österreichischer Neurologe, Tiefenpsychologe, Kulturtheoretiker und Religionskritiker. Er war der Begründer der Psychoanalyse und gilt als einer der einflussreichsten Denker des 20. Jahrhunderts. Seine Theorien und Methoden werden bis heute diskutiert und angewendet.
Aus dem
"In einem Zusatz zur Krankengeschichte (1923) habe ich schon berichtet, daß dies nicht zutraf. Als er gegen Kriegsende als mittelloser Flüchtling nach Wien zurückkam, mußte ich ihm dabei helfen, ein nicht erledigtes Stück der Übertragung zu bewältigen; das gelang in einigen Monaten, und ich konnte den Nachtrag mit der Mitteilung schließen, daß "der Patient, dem der Krieg Heimat, Vermögen und alle Familienbeziehungen geraubt hatte, sich seitdem normal gefühlt und tadellos benommen hat". Die anderthalb Jahrzehnte seither haben dies Urteil nicht Lügen gestraft, aber doch Einschränkungen daran notwendig gemacht."
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) war ein österreichischer Neurologe, Tiefenpsychologe, Kulturtheoretiker und Religionskritiker. Er war der Begründer der Psychoanalyse und gilt als einer der einflussreichsten Denker des 20. Jahrhunderts. Seine Theorien und Methoden werden bis heute diskutiert und angewendet.
44 pages, ebook
First published January 1, 1937
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About the author
Sigmund Freud
4,433 books8,515 followersDr. Sigismund Freud (later changed to Sigmund) was a neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, who created an entirely new approach to the understanding of the human personality. He is regarded as one of the most influential—and controversial—minds of the 20th century.
In 1873, Freud began to study medicine at the University of Vienna. After graduating, he worked at the Vienna General Hospital. He collaborated with Josef Breuer in treating hysteria by the recall of painful experiences under hypnosis. In 1885, Freud went to Paris as a student of the neurologist Jean Charcot. On his return to Vienna the following year, Freud set up in private practice, specialising in nervous and brain disorders. The same year he married Martha Bernays, with whom he had six children.
Freud developed the theory that humans have an unconscious in which sexual and aggressive impulses are in perpetual conflict for supremacy with the defences against them. In 1897, he began an intensive analysis of himself. In 1900, his major work 'The Interpretation of Dreams' was published in which Freud analysed dreams in terms of unconscious desires and experiences.
In 1902, Freud was appointed Professor of Neuropathology at the University of Vienna, a post he held until 1938. Although the medical establishment disagreed with many of his theories, a group of pupils and followers began to gather around Freud. In 1910, the International Psychoanalytic Association was founded with Carl Jung, a close associate of Freud's, as the president. Jung later broke with Freud and developed his own theories.
After World War One, Freud spent less time in clinical observation and concentrated on the application of his theories to history, art, literature and anthropology. In 1923, he published 'The Ego and the Id', which suggested a new structural model of the mind, divided into the 'id, the 'ego' and the 'superego'.
In 1933, the Nazis publicly burnt a number of Freud's books. In 1938, shortly after the Nazis annexed Austria, Freud left Vienna for London with his wife and daughter Anna.
Freud had been diagnosed with cancer of the jaw in 1923, and underwent more than 30 operations. He died of cancer on 23 September 1939.
In 1873, Freud began to study medicine at the University of Vienna. After graduating, he worked at the Vienna General Hospital. He collaborated with Josef Breuer in treating hysteria by the recall of painful experiences under hypnosis. In 1885, Freud went to Paris as a student of the neurologist Jean Charcot. On his return to Vienna the following year, Freud set up in private practice, specialising in nervous and brain disorders. The same year he married Martha Bernays, with whom he had six children.
Freud developed the theory that humans have an unconscious in which sexual and aggressive impulses are in perpetual conflict for supremacy with the defences against them. In 1897, he began an intensive analysis of himself. In 1900, his major work 'The Interpretation of Dreams' was published in which Freud analysed dreams in terms of unconscious desires and experiences.
In 1902, Freud was appointed Professor of Neuropathology at the University of Vienna, a post he held until 1938. Although the medical establishment disagreed with many of his theories, a group of pupils and followers began to gather around Freud. In 1910, the International Psychoanalytic Association was founded with Carl Jung, a close associate of Freud's, as the president. Jung later broke with Freud and developed his own theories.
After World War One, Freud spent less time in clinical observation and concentrated on the application of his theories to history, art, literature and anthropology. In 1923, he published 'The Ego and the Id', which suggested a new structural model of the mind, divided into the 'id, the 'ego' and the 'superego'.
In 1933, the Nazis publicly burnt a number of Freud's books. In 1938, shortly after the Nazis annexed Austria, Freud left Vienna for London with his wife and daughter Anna.
Freud had been diagnosed with cancer of the jaw in 1923, and underwent more than 30 operations. He died of cancer on 23 September 1939.
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December 15, 2020
(Trump voter on the couch, wants to know what THE REAL MAP is...)
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August 10, 2012
"Sembra quasi che quella dell'analizzare sia la terza di quelle professioni impossibili il cui esito insoddisfacente è scontato in anticipo. Le altre due, note da molto più tempo, sono quella dell'educare e del governare". Beh, non si può proprio dire che Freud non fosse consapevole dei limiti del suo metodo. La psicanalisi guarisce? Protegge da successive ricadute? si domanda con noi. Quello che desta sempre ammirazione in lui è proprio l'onestà intellettuale, la chiarezza del ragionamento, il sincero tentativo di applicare un metodo scientifico ad un argomento così scivoloso come lo studio dell'animo umano. E quello che è certo è che ha cambiato per sempre il nostro modo di pensare l'uomo.
May 31, 2025
If anyone asks me what psychoanalysis is or is supposed to do, I would recommend them this text. Wondering why I have never read (or heard of) this quite accessible and summarizing text that Freud wrote towards the end of his life before?? The main (existential and also analytical-technical) question asked: does psychoanalysis ever end? If so, what does this mean, and when should it end? Or, is it an interminable process that inevitably continues throughout one's life?
Topics discussed are: how the etiology of neurosis is always both constitutional and accidental (p. 220). How the aim of psychoanalysis is to give people "their right to a share in life" (p. 222). On the relationship between id, ego, superego, and whether the aim of psychoanalysis is to tame the id, strengthen the ego, decrease (neurotic) repression, or something else. On how the ego aims to avoid unpleasure, tension and anxiety (from the internal id and the external superego) through a variety of defence mechanisms. How the therapeutic effect depends on "making conscious what is repressed, in the widest sense of the word, in the id" (p. 234). Why psychoanalysis does NOT aim at a conscious understanding of unhelpful psychological patterns but at a felt and lived effect in one's being-in-the-world. How understanding both life and death drives (already found in Greek philosopher Empedocles, how cool!!) allow for a rich (and not binary) understanding of psychic phenomena (p. 243). How psychoanalysts might be capable of practicing analytic technique, but "may be allowed to be human beings like anyone else" (p. 247). On how "there is no greater danger for a man's heterosexual function than its being disturbed by his latent homosexuality," and how everyone is originally bisexual (p. 244). On why psychoanalysts need to undergo analysis themselves before practicing (p. 248).
Furthermore very modest regarding what psychoanalysis can do: for some people it might help them live with less repression, or relate differently to traumatic histories, and some people are not helped by psychoanalysis at all. So, for some people analysis can be terminable, and for some it will remain interminable. (Some people saw this as evidence that psychoanalysis does not work. Others say that it is much a more modest and realistic perspective on psychic wellbeing compared to most claims contemporary psychologists make).
Finally very cute quote that captures the core of psychoanalysis, on why merely changing the external circumstances of your life is often not enough to feel better:
"But one cannot flee from oneself; flight is no help against internal dangers. And for that reason the defensive mechanism of the ego are condemned to falsify one's internal perception and to give on only an imperfect and distorted picture of one's id" (p. 237). So, repression occurs when one flee's from internal dangers, and this repression in turn generates neurotic symptoms. (And a reason for why 'serious' meditation might have similar effects to a successful psychoanalysis? As it forces you to stop running from scary, painful, overwhelming or strange forces inside of you and let them pop to the surface?)
Topics discussed are: how the etiology of neurosis is always both constitutional and accidental (p. 220). How the aim of psychoanalysis is to give people "their right to a share in life" (p. 222). On the relationship between id, ego, superego, and whether the aim of psychoanalysis is to tame the id, strengthen the ego, decrease (neurotic) repression, or something else. On how the ego aims to avoid unpleasure, tension and anxiety (from the internal id and the external superego) through a variety of defence mechanisms. How the therapeutic effect depends on "making conscious what is repressed, in the widest sense of the word, in the id" (p. 234). Why psychoanalysis does NOT aim at a conscious understanding of unhelpful psychological patterns but at a felt and lived effect in one's being-in-the-world. How understanding both life and death drives (already found in Greek philosopher Empedocles, how cool!!) allow for a rich (and not binary) understanding of psychic phenomena (p. 243). How psychoanalysts might be capable of practicing analytic technique, but "may be allowed to be human beings like anyone else" (p. 247). On how "there is no greater danger for a man's heterosexual function than its being disturbed by his latent homosexuality," and how everyone is originally bisexual (p. 244). On why psychoanalysts need to undergo analysis themselves before practicing (p. 248).
Furthermore very modest regarding what psychoanalysis can do: for some people it might help them live with less repression, or relate differently to traumatic histories, and some people are not helped by psychoanalysis at all. So, for some people analysis can be terminable, and for some it will remain interminable. (Some people saw this as evidence that psychoanalysis does not work. Others say that it is much a more modest and realistic perspective on psychic wellbeing compared to most claims contemporary psychologists make).
Finally very cute quote that captures the core of psychoanalysis, on why merely changing the external circumstances of your life is often not enough to feel better:
"But one cannot flee from oneself; flight is no help against internal dangers. And for that reason the defensive mechanism of the ego are condemned to falsify one's internal perception and to give on only an imperfect and distorted picture of one's id" (p. 237). So, repression occurs when one flee's from internal dangers, and this repression in turn generates neurotic symptoms. (And a reason for why 'serious' meditation might have similar effects to a successful psychoanalysis? As it forces you to stop running from scary, painful, overwhelming or strange forces inside of you and let them pop to the surface?)
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