Chekhov’s literary reputation may rest chiefly on his masterpiece plays – Seagull, Cherry Orchard, etc. – but he is also widely regarded as the father of the modern short story. This chronological story collection, which spans the years 1880 to 1903, raises the question of just what that means.
If we mean the stripped down minimalist fiction and elliptical dialogue that graces many a contemporary literary magazine, then Chekhov is not your man. As editor and translator Robert Payne notes, Chekhov wrote in old-fashioned Russian of a long-gone world of fuzzy-headed gentry and work-beaten peasants, using language that even native speakers have occasional difficulty in understanding.
Many of the early stories, moreover, are really little more than sketches, vignettes – even two-page jokes – that he dashed off in the middle of his medical studies. If you want to see a more obvious forebear of modern short fiction, you would do better with Guy de Maupassant, Jack London – or in a more specialized genre – Edgar Allen Poe.
How, then, is Chekhov modern? I think it is his example of absolute freedom in the form; Chekhov recognized no strictures or rules about what a short story should or shouldn’t be. He made his tales dance to whatever tune he had in his head: whether an extended joke (“The Proposal”), dark comedy (“Death of a Government Clerk”, better known as “The Sneeze”), death and transfiguration (“Gusev,” “The Bishop”), the plight of provincial Russia (“The House with the Mezzanine,” “In the Horsecart”), oppression and poverty (“Sleepyhead,” “Vanka”), and most often, love and marriage (“The Huntsman,” “Anyuta,” “Anna Round the Neck,” “The Bride,” “The Lady with the Pet Dog”).
In “Gusev,” for example, we witness the suffering and death of a retired soldier aboard ship. But Chekhov doesn’t stop there: we see his body, sewn into a sailcloth, fall into the sea, dropping past schools of fish, a shark, to the bottom. And then this:
The heavens turned lilac, very soft. Gazing up at the enchanted heavens, magnificent in their splendor, the sea fumed darkly at first, but soon assumed the sweet, joyous passionate colors for which there are scarcely any names in the tongues of man.
Chekhov strikes the same elegiac redemptive tone following another seemingly unredeemed death in a later story “The Bishop,” although in much more stripped-down language. The bishop, subject to incessant obsequiousness in life, is almost immediately forgotten after his death; life goes on, and only his aged peasant mother recalls him as she chats with her friends.
Chekhov’s modern sensibility is also apparent in his rich characterizations and ambiguous conclusions to many of his stories: presumably happy endings are laden with irony, tragic conclusions infused with the powerful sense of life’s continuity. Chekhov never passes judgment on his characters; he is both merciful and merciless, letting them make and unmake their lives and fates.
It is this claim to freedom within the confines of the form, then, where Chekhov’s greatness as a short story resides.
Will the illicit couple in “The Lady with the Pet Dog” find a way to happiness? We don’t know, but what do know is how much we have grown to care about the answer
And it seemed as though in a little while the solution would be found and a lovely new life would begin for them; and to both of them it was clear that the end was still very far away, and the hardest and most difficult part was only beginning.