Evrensel Doga Tarihi ve Gökler Kurami

by Immanuel Kant

Paperback. 13,50 / 21,00 cm. In Turkish. 168 p. Translated by Seçkin Selvi Kant'in elestiri öncesi yapitlarinin en önemlilerinden biri olan Evrensel Doga Tarihi ve Gökler Kurami, ayni zamanda astronomi ve kozmoloji tarihinde bir kilometre tasi niteligindedir. Bu yapitin bilim tarihindeki yerinin yani sira Kant'in zihinsel gelisimindeki yerini görerek bir sonuca varmamiz açisindan yapitin incelenmesi bugün için bile deger tasimaktadir… Kozmolojik spekülasyonun Kant düsüncesindeki rolüne gereken önemi vermedigimiz sürece onun felsefi çalismalarini kavrayamayiz. Kant, ünlü bir sözünde, biri yildizlarla dolu gökyüzünün görüntüsü, ikincisi kisinin içindeki ahlak yasasi olmak üzere kendisine iki seyin dehset verdigini söylerken aslinda felsefi çalismalarinin tümünü saran zihinsel dürtüler ve ilgilerden söz etmistir. Insan ruhunun öteki büyük yapitlari gibi Kant'in yapiti da sürekli ilgi duyulan bir konuyu ustalikla ve düsünceyi uyarici bir biçimde ele alir. Bu özgün yapiti incelerken Kant'in büyük düs gücünü ve bilim ile dinin çikarlarina haksizlik etmemek konusunda gösterdigi duyarliligi olanca canliligiyla algilariz.

168 pages, Paperback

Published January 1, 2020

About the author

Immanuel Kant was an 18th-century philosopher from Königsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia). He's regarded as one of the most influential thinkers of modern Europe & of the late Enlightenment. His most important work is The Critique of Pure Reason, an investigation of reason itself. It encompasses an attack on traditional metaphysics & epistemology, & highlights his own contribution to these areas. Other main works of his maturity are The Critique of Practical Reason, which is about ethics, & The Critique of Judgment, about esthetics & teleology.

Pursuing metaphysics involves asking questions about the ultimate nature of reality. Kant suggested that metaphysics can be reformed thru epistemology. He suggested that by understanding the sources & limits of human knowledge we can ask fruitful metaphysical questions. He asked if an object can be known to have certain properties prior to the experience of that object. He concluded that all objects that the mind can think about must conform to its manner of thought. Therefore if the mind can think only in terms of causality–which he concluded that it does–then we can know prior to experiencing them that all objects we experience must either be a cause or an effect. However, it follows from this that it's possible that there are objects of such a nature that the mind cannot think of them, & so the principle of causality, for instance, cannot be applied outside experience: hence we cannot know, for example, whether the world always existed or if it had a cause. So the grand questions of speculative metaphysics are off limits, but the sciences are firmly grounded in laws of the mind. Kant believed himself to be creating a compromise between the empiricists & the rationalists. The empiricists believed that knowledge is acquired thru experience alone, but the rationalists maintained that such knowledge is open to Cartesian doubt and that reason alone provides us with knowledge. Kant argues, however, that using reason without applying it to experience will only lead to illusions, while experience will be purely subjective without first being subsumed under pure reason. Kant’s thought was very influential in Germany during his lifetime, moving philosophy beyond the debate between the rationalists & empiricists. The philosophers Fichte, Schelling, Hegel and Schopenhauer saw themselves as correcting and expanding Kant's system, thus bringing about various forms of German Idealism. Kant continues to be a major influence on philosophy to this day, influencing both Analytic and Continental philosophy.