Fantastic overview of the five major religions--I listened to these lectures as I prepared to teach World Religions to freshmen.
Notes for myself:
** From first lecture:
Five reasons why the study of comparative religions is important today, from James Livingston identifies the urgency and value of comparative religions in textbook Anatomy of the Sacred:
1. To understand better the human capacity for self-transcendence. The overwhelming majority of humans in all societies have affirmed some sort of religious orientation. Religion provides a framework for figuring out what matters most.
2. In order to overcome our ignorance about beliefs and practices of others. Why and how to Jews celebrate the Passover seder? When, why and how are Muslims expected to pray five times a day in the direction of Mecca?
3. Can help us understand our own culture with its deep roots in Judaism and Christianity and Islam. Western civ has been shaped by all three Abrahamic religions, and in the 21st century has been influenced by the diversity we encounter in our neighborhoods. (PLURALISM PROJECT - Diana Eck) US is now the most religiously diverse country in the world.
4. Can help us achieve a global perspective--this is vital but often missing component in our increasingly interconnected world community. It is not a luxury but an imperative that we know more about the religious values and world views informing those with whom we share what we now know to be a quite fragile planet.
5. Can offer us hope: Can help individuals formulate individual beliefs and philosophy of life. None of us is static; we are all continuously learning and growing and changing and unlearning things we we think we know and believe. Religion can help us figure out what matters most in life.
** Lecture 2: Exploring Similarities & Differences
Abraham - 15th to 16th BCE - links Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Kingdom of Israel forms, which coincides with the prophets who speak out against the religious and political leaders of the day. Destruction of the temple in 586 BCE.
Neils Neilson in his textbook Religions of the World; 12 common characteristics found in most religions. Most religions...
1. Include some kind of belief in the supernatural--spirit, Gods, God--ultimate reality beyond yet connected to human experience and existence.
2. Distinguish between the sacred and the profane through ordinary times, objects, places, and people. (I.e. Mecca v Milwaukee) Maybe better way to say this is "All religions hold certain times, objects, places, and people sacred."
3. Strongly encourage or prescribe ritual activities both for individuals and communities of faith. Not only rituals centered on the human life cycle (birth to death) but also calendar rituals (focus on daily, weekly, annual basis). Repetitive ritual processes have meaning for individuals in all religions.
4. Commonly promote a moral code or ethical principle that guide individuals and communities (ie 10 Commandments, Shari'a, vows of poverty and chastity)
5. Engages common emotional intuitive feelings such as a sense of wonder at the mystery of existence. Religion elicits joy, guilt, and a bond that is experienced in community.
6. Both encourage and provide ways to communicate with the divine. Imagine and envision both individual and corporate prayers that are observable. Various kinds of worship, meditative techniques -- ways to make the divine accessible even if that's from within.
7. Sacred stories provide followers a coherent framework or worldview. Ultimately there has to be coherence; this comes together as the meaning of creation or the ultimate goal of creation have to somehow fit into a logical pattern to show how to get from where humans are to where they should be.
8. Organize life for individuals according to various dress codes, personal sacrifice, appropriate occupations and all of this is done in the respective worldview. (ie Buddhist monk is a symbol of simplicity with head shaven, wearing saffron robe; Muslim women have various attire depending on where they live--hijab or veil--and that will define expectations in various cultural settings.
9. Promote social organizations or institutional forms as is necessary to carry out the functions of worship and leadership (ie Pope in Roman Catholicism; imams in Islam)
10. Promise inner peace and harmony despite the vicissitudes of life. The experiences of people everywhere are common; everyone knows about disease, infant mortality, natural disasters, wars, and innumerable injustices--things that make life tough. Every religion illuminates the purpose of existences that transcends the physical. Every religion offers hope and meaning.
11. Typically offer a future and tangible hope (when things will be better than they are now), linked often with the coming of a new age, possibly with a figure that ushers in the new age. Sometimes the hope is primarily focused on the afterlife. Most religions anticipate the coming of a gifted person--Judaism the second Messiah, Christians the second coming of Christ, one more incarnation of Vishnu for Hindus, Savior figure for Islam during the afterlife.
12. Profligate themselves...there are two primary ways to do this: 1) recruiting new members (missionary activities; three of these religions are missionary in orientation...Christianity, Islam, Buddhism). "Take the good news out to others" is part of these religions. 2) Hindu and Jewish tradition (and other three as well of course): procreation...marrying and having children within the faith.
What we do in this world DOES MATTER.
** Lecture 5
Three prominent types of sacred people: prophets, sages, and saviors. In each case, we will consider examples from two different religions identifying functional similarities and some notable differences to understand how individuals are understood by people within their respective communities of faith.
PROPHETS: These people who are understood as conveying God's words/messages to their communities. Not peering far into the future and making predictions; their messages are very much focused on a particular time and place and community. Can include warnings for future consequences. Prophet Mohammed as an example, Moses is another.
SAGES: One who finds the truth within himself, and guides others on the path of Enlightenment as well. Unlike prophets, whose authority derives from divine source, sages discover their messages within themselves. "Sage" suggests one who is wise, insightful. Sacred person found in Buddhist and Hindu religions more than others. Buddha is an example of a sage--his quest for truth.
SAVIORS: Prophets in some ways, too. But much more than prophets. One who speaks and acts with great authority--these people do miraculous healings and acts, Jesus as primary example. Also Krishna in Hinduism--most popular deity.
Cyclical pattern of birth and rebirth...sets Hinduism and Buddhism apart from Abrahamic religions.
** Lesson 17: The Problems of Sin and Forgetfulness
For Jews, Christians, and Muslims, the human predicament is set in the context of a linear view of history. This is a different approach to creation and history than H and B, which fashion an understanding in terms of cyclical terms of grandiose cycles of existence and re-existence of creation and dissolution and creation that lasts billions of years. In J, C, and I understanding, creation and history are viewed in a linear way. At a particular point in time, God created. Various events happened along the way. Timeline moved through history and ultimately will be culminated at the end of history with a cataclysmic event with a judgement towards eternity not to be repeated--one time event.
For Jews, sin is the primary impediment separating humans from God.
There's nothing more important than living our life in an accountable way. How can we remember that in our selfish state? The answer comes in the five pillars of Islam, ritual devotion of duties, are designed at adeep level to help us constantly remember who we are and who God is and how we stay in touch with that. It's all about the human predicament around forgetfulness and selfishness. The Sufi Vic = the remembrance of God. Salaat = five daily prayers (first comes right before sunrise) is all about this. In the prayer you're reciting words from the Koran and putting them into yourself.
** Lecture 18
Buddhism and the sense of being present in the moment...The call to be in the present: the past is behind you, there's nothing you can do about it. The future is not promised to anyone...the only thing that you really have is this moment. The moment you are alive and living right now. So be in that instant. So many live for tomorrow, look for something that will put you in a better position for yourself for the future, yet neglect to savor the beauty and joy of the moment that's happening right now.
** Lecture 21
Behavior in this physical world to one's future status in a world beyond. This is a common theme and a clear point of convergence with all religions: What we do in this world DOES MATTER. What we do in this lifetime has real consequences in what happens next. In Buddhism, there is karma with a sense of justice; cyclical pattern allows for more time to pass in order to "get it."
Zoroastrian thought: the world is populated by both good and demonic forces. How you respond to those particular forces during the course of your lifetime relates to a coming judgement.
** Lecture 23
Four of the five religions have identifiable founder figures: Moses (Judaism), Buddha (Buddhism), Jesus (Christianity), Muhammed (Islam). Each leader is uniquely qualified to convey the information necessary for their respective communities of faith. The role of Krishna does follow this pattern for many Hindus, but as Hinduism has 300 gods, Krishna is certainly different than Jesus, Moses, Buddha, and Muhammed.
** Lecture 24
New Religious America (Diana Eck - PLURALISM PROJECT) - challenges arise from pluralism. What does it mean to say "we the people" when the people have so many different religions? Most people tend to think of religions promulgating exclusive truth claims - "we're right; everyone else is going to Hell." In truth, there is a good deal more openness to religious diversity than most people would imagine. Questions about particularity, diversity, and pluralism are addressed in each of the major religions.
We need to think about the similarities and differences among religions. Studying this powerful and pervasive phenomena called religion may help us embrace our neighbors on our block, in our town, in our nation, in our world as we all seek new and better ways to live together in our increasingly interdependent world community.
Wilford Cantwell Smith anticipated these times. "Comparative Religion: Whither and Why" (1959)
"The traditional form of Western scholarship in the study of other men's religion was that of an impersonal presentation of an IT. The first great innovation in recent times has been the personalization of the faiths observed so that one finds a discussion of a THEY. Presently, the observer becomes personally involved so that the situation is one of a WE talking about a THEY. The next step is a dialogue is when WE talk to YOU. If there is listening and mutuality this may become that WE talk WITH you. The culmination of the process is when we all are talking with each other about US."