Before attending Santa Fe Opera's performance of The Turn of the Screw, we attended the pre-opera talk (Fantastic!), which provided background, musical fragment sing-alongs, and one of my favorite anecdotes: a tradition of James' era was the telling of ghost stories at Christmastime. The talk helped us follow, and speculate about, what we saw and heard on stage.)
Compelled to read James's book, I just now read SFO's website synopsis:
When Nothing Is Certain, What Can We Believe?
by Michael Clive
Directed by Louisa Muller, Britten’s The Turn of the Screw will haunt you.
The Turn of the Screw is a ghost story. Are the ghosts real? “I think that people who see the opera could have a spirited debate about that in the car on the way home,” says director Louisa Muller. “You interpret the performance in the way it makes sense to you.” But make no mistake: the Governess at the center of the action sees them, and Muller places it in our view as well.
Muller, who directed the Santa Fe Opera’s production of La Traviata last season, views both Violetta and the Governess as heroines of their own dramas who make their own decisions. But while Violetta is certain of her tragic reality, the Governess’ world is frighteningly ambiguous. As she tries to protect the children in her charge, the turning screw is fear, and Muller uses a wide range of tools to tighten it. Are the ghosts real? “For the Governess,” says Muller, “that question leads to madness.”
“The house is a character in the opera,” notes Muller. “It almost breathes on its own.” It starts out as a place of protection, then begins to seem threatening. The presence of water on stage — just a sliver at first — grows. “In Act II it has begun to encroach on the space around it as a symbol of what’s happening in the Governess’ brain — the house is becoming a hostile, threatening place.” Muller has even incorporated the timing of the Santa Fe sunsets into her lighting plan.
As a parent, Muller finds the presence of the children on stage particularly moving — in a cast of only six singers, the two of them carry a huge responsibility both musically and dramatically. Their playful energy in the rehearsal room also helped to lighten the mood if the weight of the dark material ever threatened to become too heavy. True professionals!
As noted, after the oerpa talk and the opera, I had to read Henry James's book (all of 120 pages of this 428-page compilation), and excerpted the following --
(at vii and ix)
The Turn of the Screw has been to critics a chameleon text, taking on a coloring that let it blend in with almost any way of reading it. Depending on who is reading it, the story can be a gothic tale in the tradition of Poe, a romantic tale in the tradition of Hawthorne, or a realistic tale in the tradition of Howells. It can be a Freudian tale of sexual repression, an allegory of good and evil, a detective story about murder and deception, a call for better treatment of children, or a reflection of hidden truths about its author. It can demonstrate its author's knowledge of scientific research on ghosts or his rejection of that knowledge, his accord with the social structure of his time, or his rejection of those structures. It can be read as a Marxist statement, a feminist statement, or a gay statement....
.........
Readers of these essays will not finish them knowing *the* answer to the questions about the governess, the ghosts, or the children, or *the* answer to the question of what this story means, but they will know something about the amazing variety of questions that a literary work can inspire and about the amazing variety of answers that readers can find to those qustions. Armed with such knowledge, they will be better prepared to frame their own questions and answers and to understand what literary criticism is all about.
(at 225/6)
Reviewing his 1908 Prefact to the New York edition of The Turn of the Screw, the author identifies five points that James made --
(1) He saw The Turn of the Screw as a fanciful romance based on an anecdote he had heard about how the spirits of two dead servants tried to get hold of two small children; the resulting story was a fairytale so simple in its effect that it would not attract earnest criticism.
(2) He was not interested in offering a full characterization of the young governess; rather, he worked hard to have her keep clear her record of the events she was engaged in, though her explanation of those events was not always correct.
(3) He saw the spirits of Peter Quint and Miss Jessel not as the kinds of ghosts reported by psychical researchers (....), but rather as evil demons or witches, predatory villains wooing Miles and Flora to their destruction.
(4) He did not want to specify the precise nature of the evil done by Quint and Jessel, with each other or with the children, because to do so would make their actions seem less evil; rather, he wanted to give only vague hintts, leaving it to hs readers to imagine for themselves whatever worst-case evil they could visualize.
(5) *He saw* The Turn of the Screw *as a thing of beauty, a work of art designed to terrify and move his readers."