(1936) This is a really layered horror novella from the 70-year-old Wells. At first it seems like he’s taking refuge from the chaos leading up to WWII to pen an homage to the cosmic horror of his younger days—part Machen, part Blackwood. Perhaps Poe, too. The croquet player says he likes Poe.
Even for Wells, ever political, the rumblings of world events at that time may have been too great and ominous. One can only imagine what horrors his already sensitive powers of divination were picking up. Hence, then, this late retreat to the comforts of genre fiction.
“I was keener on politics than most medical students. And I got very keen on social justice and the prevention of war. Very keen on the war question.”
And yet real life finds a way. The main character of this work (not the amusingly frivolous croquet player of the frame story) is a London physician named Finchatton, who similarly tries to flee the anxieties of the world and moves his practice to a marshy part of England called Cainsmarsh. No more newspapers for him. “I wouldn’t read a book later than Dickens,” he says. All this, only to find that no flight from fear is possible.
Cainsmarsh, we’re told, is not the sort of colorful town for a ghost story. But there’s something about its very dullness, the watery translucence of the place, that makes it vulnerable to other dimensions and allows ghosts to “creep on our perceptions.” Dread oppresses our doctor. Nightmares torture him. His patients, too, look uneasy. It is as if the land itself were haunted. The doctor confides in the vicar, and then a curate. They also feel it. The vicar had gone into a rant:
“And then he began to talk less sanely. The evil was in the soil, he declared, UNDERGROUND… There was something mighty and dreadful, buried in Cainsmarsh. Something colossally evil. Broken up. Scattered all over the Marsh… They kept on stirring it up, he said, they would not let it rest. Whom did he mean by THEY? That was difficult. There had been road- making, there have been drainage works and now 'those archæologists'! And that was not all. There had been a ploughing of old pastures during the war. Opening old sores… ‘Graves—graves everywhere!' And some of the ancient people, he said, were 'petrified.' You found stones of the strangest shapes. Abominable shapes. 'They keep on bringing things up,' he said. 'Things that had better be let alone. Ought to be let alone. Making doubts and puzzles —destroying faith.' At a jump he was denouncing Darwinism and evolution. It was remarkable how life-long controversies had interwoven with his Cainsmarsh distresses!”
It is not so much a jump as the doctor thinks. Digging is a metaphor for digging into the past. It’s a bit confusing, but it seems that in Wells’ thesis it was Man’s quest for knowledge—from which we get those roads and drains and archeologists—that brought this haunting, that disturbed our animal-like ignorance and caused our current malaise. “…we men, we have been probing and piercing into the past and future. We have been multiplying memories, histories, traditions, we have filled ourselves with forebodings and plannings and apprehensions. And so our worlds have become overwhelmingly vast for us, terrific, appalling.”
In other words, it’s just like reading the papers.
The reference to Darwin is key. Stories like this, and like one by EF Benson I recently read called The Horror-Horn, are important because they document perhaps the last fleeting moments when society was still wounded by Darwinism. It’s hard to relate to now because we don’t remember how comforting it must have felt believing in a literal reading of Genesis. We’ve forgotten the disillusionment. (The disillusionment and the terror, as we will see).
The doctor seeks out one of these neighboring archeologists and finds, displayed in a glass case, a Paleolithic skull dug up from Cainsmarsh. This human skull, with its grin and gaping eye sockets, becomes the story’s central image and quickly dominates the doctor’s nightmares.
“‘In the foreground I saw his innumerable descendants… [He means the prehistoric man’s.] Presently these swarms began to fall into lines and columns, were clad in uniforms, formed up and began marching and trotting towards the black shadows under those worn and rust-stained teeth. From which darkness there presently oozed something—something winding and trickling, and something that manifestly tasted very agreeably to him. Blood.’ And then Finchatton said a queer thing. ‘Little children killed by air- raids in the street.’”
Again, the outburst is not so queer. You can see in this passage the allegory that Wells is painting. That skull is what links the evil shadows of the distant past and the shadowy intimations of evil in the near future. Our primitive ancestor is made into a kind of atavistic god of war.
What does it say of us, Wells asks, that we are descended unchanged from cavemen? (In fact, at one point we are characterized as no more than trained cavemen). Well, it says that barbarity is indeed again on the horizon. (The reasoning is a bit circular, in that our enlightenment is what dispelled the fictions of religion and reunited us with our violent, bestial past. I confess I’m still working all this out as I write).
As in The Shining, or The Turn of the Screw before it, this is a haunting that drives its inhabitants mad and to evil deeds. The town has a history of murders. It’s when the doctor finds a dog beaten to a literal pulp, and an elderly patient of his attacks a wife who may or may not be poisoning him, that he finally decides to flee, to a sunny village on the Normandy coast—where he meets the croquet player.
The croquet player is a foil, sitting out there on the hotel terrace in the sun, nibbling a brioche and consuming a “harmless” vermouth and seltzer. He is a man who loafs through life, playing bridge or tennis with his aunt, and croquet, of course, and he doesn’t read the papers, which he finds “pompous or wilfully disagreeable. But I do The Times Cross-Word Puzzle…” (However, there are dark hints that even this comical figure cannot escape what’s coming, when, towards the end of the story, he finds world events intruding on his pleasant life, and his plans are disrupted by a strike and a fight at the depot involving communists).
He listens with rapt attention and sympathy to the doctor’s story. Next day he encounters there not the doctor but the doctor’s psychiatrist. Wells uses this imposing figure to psychoanalyze the doctor and, through him, himself, finally laying his cards on the table and telling you what he’s been doing with this novella.
The whole story has been a fiction.
“He's told you,” says the psychiatrist, “practically everything—but as though he showed it through bottle glass that distorted it all. And the reason why he has made it all up into that story… is because the realities that are overwhelming him are so monstrous and frightful that he has to transform them into this fairy tale about old skulls and silences in butterfly land, in the hope of getting them down to the dimensions of an hallucination and so presently expelling them from his thoughts."
People like the doctor “refuse to face a world so grim and great as this world really is. They take refuge in stories of hauntings…”
Very much like Wells had set off to do with this story.
A new plague is coming, continues the psychiatrist. A plague “of the soul. A distress of the mind that has long lurked in odd corners of the mind, an endemic disorder, rising suddenly and spreading into a world epidemic. The story our friend put away into a sort of fairyland fenland is really the story of thousands of people today—and it will be the story of hundreds of thousands tomorrow.”
“Madness, sir… is poor Nature's answer to overwhelming fact. It is flight. And today all over the world, INTELLECTUAL MEN ARE GOING MAD!”
But what, the croquet player asks, can we do?
“Face the facts, sir! Go through with it. Survive if you can and perish if you can't. Do as I have done and shape your mind to a new scale.”
This courage is typical of Wells. It is, in fact, what he urged 10 years later when the bomb was dropped and the Atomic Age began.
But the croquet player would rather not. In fact he would rather die. And he instinctively mistrusts zealots like the psychiatrist:
“He made me think of Peter the Hermit raging through the quiet cities of eleventh-century Christendom and starting all that trouble about the Crusades. He made me think of Savonarola and John Knox and all the disturbing people who have rushed shouting across history—leaving it very much as they found it, telling people to give up their lives, go to their tents, O Israel, take up arms, storm the Tuileries, smash the Winter Palace, and a score of such outrageous things. At little old Les Noupets, mind you.”
A ghost story of ideas. Very relevant. The one twist Wells perhaps didn’t predict was how the madness of reading the news can lead to hysteria that itself creates the news.