This book is two parts, his early life and his retirement from business and of which the latter is by far more interesting. If someone has read HOW TO BE RICH by J. Paul Getty then there are considerable similarities between how the two men speak on this point. They became wealthy and tried to spend it the best way they felt possible. They both tried to be amicable to labor. Getty secured an empire of art and copyright. Carnegie gave to churches, believed wholeheartedly in the American Republic and gave to causes that advanced liberty. He gave to the study of infectious diseases. Carnegie was a dreamer and believed in the longer thrust of history and his power to help it move in the way he saw most beneficent to the human race. Carnegie supported the sciences, universities, and used his power to meet with and have influence with the world's most powerful people and minds hoping for something we take perilously for granted post World-War 2 - an international system for peace and human rights.
This section of the book can come across as a journal and a slog as Carnegie at this stage in his life is effectively retired and wealthy and speaking on how he stayed busy and useful.
The first half of the book is the most engrossing and enlightening and empowers the second half. Empowering in that it bears reminding that the man who is now meeting with Presidents, world leaders, scientists, university presidents, was a poor boy from Scotland... .
Carnegie moved to America as a 13 year old boy amidst a loan from a family member and the Carnegie's believed completely in this country as the land of liberty and opportunity. His family were cottage industry loom workers who went bust in the wake of the industrial revolution. Andrew lived in a home that believed in America's experiment in the rebirth of democracy and Republican form of government, something they weren't receiving in Scotland with a national church and Scotland being under the crown. Carnegie lived an interesting life as a radical Scot in that he grew up in a neighborhood that was generally of the same politics, so he was able to receive favorable treatment he writes from teachers and this combined with his parents letting him dictate terms of his education meant from an early age Carnegie was independently minded.
However, lest anyone think he lacked love for his country of birth, Carnegie offers a powerful glimpse into his feelings upon leaving home that carry the full thrust of feeling - speaking in old age of a childhood moment with remarkable lucidity, the imprinting of the Abbey bell and feelings of home as he left for the New World.
From here, if the reader is looking for the insight of Carnegie's rise from rags to riches, is where his story begins in earnest. He wants to be useful to his family and help them get out of debt. They believe as a unit in their ability as a family and of America's willingness to reward work. A young
Andrew and his Father would rise before the dawn and work in a textile mill. They worked 12 hours a day, six days a week, for the modern equivalent of $35 dollars a week ($1.20 a week). Carnegie says he dealt with the hardship by his pride of being useful, of helping the family, getting a piece of the American dream. In fact Carnegie describes it as hardwork, but never a hardship. This then is surely the first lesson of Andrew's life: he had an ambitious and optimistic outlook and was willing to accept it wouldn't be roses in the process. Largely his is the story of ambition manifest.
His Father quite the textile mill and went back to the loom, meanwhile the Scottish foreman took a liking to Andrew and he was moved up to the boiler room where the stress and forms wrecked his digestion and caused him to vomit, but he was felt that if he lost breakfast it only made dinner better and so he labored for two dollars a week.
However, this struggle conditioned the young man to see his next job as his Uncle asked the family to move to the newly rebuilding Pittsburgh (yes, we can thank Andrew Carnegie as to why Pittsburgh became a steel-town) and become a messenger boy. Carnegie leaped at the opportunity, wore his best Sunday clothes (all he owned) and told the owner he'd start on the spot. So, a 16 year old Carnegie is conditioned from 13 years old to work 12 hour days six days a week and has been galvanized by some of the hardest conditions industrial work had to offer at the time now gets to be outside, ride a bike, and see the Sun. Carnegie sees this as a massive upgrade, and takes full advantage and this where the second lesson of Carnegie's life begins to take ship: he grabs opportunity, never letting it slip. As Carnegie grows in wealth he becomes more strategic about what he says yes and what he says no to, but in his early life in Pittsburgh Carnegie - growing up quicker than most - effectively has his college years. He has last interaction with his Father in the trip prior to Pittsburgh.
A thought here on the time period, we live in a time of anxiety and ill-ease because it takes us an hour to get a town sixty miles away or that we can fly from Ohio to Florida in two hours. Carnegie's family rode a river boat up the Cuyahoga River where they had flies, mosquitoes, ticks, and the like assault them mercilessly. The journey was seen as an upgrade over the weeks it used to take. During his lifetime the trip goes from taking days to hours via train. A trip we can now take in an afternoon. Carnegie worked extremely hard, that was the fundamental obvious lesson of his life - his family viewed indolence as disgraceful - they came over with English-Scot sensibilities still prevalent in American society. One gets on by through the sweat of their brow. Everything was harder, took longer, and was generally more dangerous, yet besides the bone breaking labor a great many of these folks had to endure they're on the whole less stressed out. We have machines to wash our dishes and laundries, robots to vacuum and mow, self-driving cars are becoming the new normal and yet we're a generation that struggles with depression and anxiety. This is only a thought to which I have no answer.
Carnegie's third vital lesson is that the man was intelligent. He joined the Webster's society. A Colonel Anderson believes books should be open to the masses (a lesson of beneficence Carnegie later remembers in opening his own libraries) and Carnegie took full advantage. His harder weeks on the job he says were gotten through knowing he could look forward to the next book from the library. Andrew didn't waste time, in between messages he read, he saw plays, he honed his debating skills, and always looked for a way to get better at his job. He learned how to read telegrams, then became a marvel at his job as one of the few men able to translate messages by sound. As Carnegie's ability to serve and skills were enlarged and sharpened he became more and more a vital asset to his company, he led them as he effectively unionized the messenger boys so as to insure they worked with one another rather than against in getting messages that offered large tips. He was able to pay off his families debt - which he took as one of the greatest moments in his life, next to the first paycheck he received from the textile mill. Then, at 18 years old, the leader of the messenger boys, a consummate reader, and for all intensive perhaps the best at his job all around (another thing to note, Carnegie tends to become the best at whatever he is doing at the time), he jumps at another opportunity - a railroad man Thomas A. Scott was hiring company telegraph operators and despite his old bosses wanting him to stay, Carnegie saw rail as being the future. Andrew was now making the modern equivalent of $120 dollars a week ($4.00) - quite a rise from the textile mills and fresh from Scotland working at a modern $35 dollars to making $120 a week.
Scott takes Carnegie in as impressed by the young man and begins to give Carnegie more responsibility and this he makes use of. He begins to help direct Scott with his investments and management of the railroad business. Carnegie begins to save and build capital, meanwhile continuing to learn and build ideas. Andrew sees the future as sleeping cars and first class travel, perhaps inspired by his rough going from his families trip to Pittsburgh. Remarkably, as the Civil War breaks out, Carnegie - already brushing shoulders with the powerful men of the time period as a messenger boy - will get to witness through the railroad's work in the war some of the most prominent people in American history. He meets Lincoln and gets to spend time around him a few times in his capacity as a telegraph messenger, describing the man as full of energy and intellect. Carnegie was an ardent defender and supporter of General Grant. Andrew saw America as hope. The Republic and our Union as the symbol and living embodiment of the freedom he didn't feel in Scotland. Ultimately he had escaped from a land he saw as having been tyrannical in its religious views and non-democratic, he was going to be damned to see it extinguished.
The brief of Carnegie's views and his place in this time period is that he was brought to dinner by New York Democrats sympathetic to the Southern Cause, the wife of the home was distraught. She told Carnegie that she couldn't believe it her son was forced to sit next to a negro at West Point, and had he ever heard of such a thing as Negroes getting into West Point. Carnegie responds, "more terrible yet, I hear they even let them into heaven."
She exclaims, "Oh, that's different."
Carnegie will rise to be the steel baron, a business magnate, ultimately to many an icon and symbol of the American Dream. There is little different in his rise from he working in rail to steel, he applies the same principles: he focuses and directs his efforts, he brings his full ability to bear on the work, he constantly learns, adapts, and makes decisions. Carnegie brings the same ability to learn new skills and adapt to steel - America made pig iron, he'd bring over the engineers, learn what needed learning, and by the time he was done we were the greatest manufacturer of Steel the world had known. The rest, as they say, you know.