Despite being published in the beginning of the twenty-first century, I would consider Ricoeur's Memory, History, Forgetting as a twentieth century book (An "essay," as Ricoeur calls it). The question behind this book isn't so much written in the work. Ricoeur is interested in the collective horrified entrancement on the Holocaust. Memory, History, Forgetting is not bound by this question but is inspired by it.
Fundamentally, this book is a complex work of philosophy of history working from the epistemological traditions of hermeneutics and phenomenology. This work is divided into three sections, Memory, History, and Forgetting, and ending on a fifty page epilogue on Forgiveness.
I had almost no background to either phenomenology, hermeneutics, existentialist metaphysics, or post-modernism before I read this book. I had to read this for my third year undergrad class on the philosophy of history and I do not recommend it for someone who has no background on the aforementioned topics. I constantly made diagrams and read stanford.edu articles to understand Ricoeur and muddle on through. Ricoeur cites Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, Immanuel Kant, R. G. Collingwood, Marc Bloch, Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre, Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, and many more in his work. Ricoeur makes it clear in his preface that he is not interested in using each of these philosophers in their contexts but using them insofar as it says something true about his construction on philosophy of history. I was not completely lost in Ricoeur because I have a fairly strong background on Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, Kant, and Collingwood, but I would have much preferred having a background on postmodern thought, particularly the thought of Derrida, Foucault, and Sartre, and the annales school of thought.
Because of this, my review is more of a "muddling-through" rather than a well thought out analytical review. Ricoeur's first section on Memory is largely based on Plato, Aristotle, and Augustine (with some Kant). It is understandable if you have a good background in it. However, I still had difficulty with it. It's not that Ricoeur's writing is not structured in well thought out sections, but that his writing can be etheric and self-coherent (it doesn't easily cohere to one's thought but to itself).
His section on memory explores the different ways in how one remembers (i.e., how one has sudden remembrances of something, how a person has impressions from the past, and what memory is in the first place). Ricoeur does not go into neuroscience or cognitive psychology but stays on the philosophical side of things (i.e. what does it mean? and what does it do? Not how, precisely does it function). In the section of memory, he moves from the individual to the collective in memory and testimony.
His section on history deals with how one gains reliable testimony and archives it, how the archives are written into explanation/understanding, and how narrative is written based on the explanation/understanding. He wants narrative to be an accurate representation of the archive of history. He believes narrative should come after the information and explanation has occurred. Ricoeur also asks the question of whether the historian should also be the judge of history. He answers that the historian should only be the recorder and inquirer of history, not the moral judge.
Ricoeur believes the common citizen should be the judge of history. He provides a reason for this in the epilogue based on post-apartheid South Africa. There was a famous Truth and Reconciliation Commission that did an inquiry into the awfulness of apartheid South Africa. The government, academics, and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission came to an agreement but the citizens would not accept it. The collective pride and guilt for a nation may be able to be wielded by the ruler, but it is at the level of individual and collective memory that the guilt and pride of a group, nation, or peoples is felt.
Forgetting has to do with the problem that memory, both individual, and collective, naturally entropies without upkeep. While we can say something positive about memory such as, "I remember!" It can be difficult to attribute value to forgetting. One can say, "I forget..." but it's not as though one knows what they have forgotten or whether it was a right thing to remember or forget it in the first place.
The section on forgiveness if very interesting. It is probably his most readable section. He takes Derrida's point that if forgiveness cannot forgive all, it doesn't exist. The assumption throughout this book is that our human "whatness," and therefore our responsibility to it, is greater than our specific groups. We have bigger problems as participants of humanity than we do with each other. It is in this section that Ricoeur's Protestantism shines through most. He often cites the New Testament when talking about forgiveness and he introduces the idea of love. Love is the power behind forgiveness and it must conquer all in order to exist.
My culminative analysis of this book is that Ricoeur strikes me as an engineer who is trying to construct the most experientially and reality-based system. He is constructing a well-oiled method within the framework of worldview (not a worldview, but worldview generally speaking). Ironically, the language (I do not blame the translaters, French compared to other languages, is not that different from English) coheres within itself rather than to the way people actually acquire and use information. This book could be more understandable and I'm quite partial to the Analytic/Socratic method (question & answer, question & answer). However, I think this book is distinctly anti-ideological (as opposed to many of his post-modern contemporaries) and it actually gives an excellent understanding and system for writing and understanding history. I tend to like to use common sense principles where Ricoeur doesn't, but it doesn't seem that Ricoeur comes to any conclusions contrary to them. I can incorporate most of this work into my more Medieval Realist approach to epistemology and metaphysics.