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Universals: An Opinionated Introduction

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In this short text, a distinguished philosopher turns his attention to one of the oldest and most fundamental philosophical problems of How it is that we are able to sort and classify different things as being of the same natural class? Professor Armstrong carefully sets out six major theories?ancient, modern, and contemporary?and assesses the strengths and weaknesses of each. Recognizing that there are no final victories or defeats in metaphysics, Armstrong nonetheless defends a traditional account of universals as the most satisfactory theory we have.This study is written for advanced students, but as Armstrong goes considerably beyond his earlier work on this topic, it will interest professional scholars as well. Carefully plotted and clearly written, Universals is both a paradigm of exposition and a case study on the value of careful analysis of fundamental issues in philosophy.

164 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 1989

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About the author

D.M. Armstrong

35 books13 followers
David Malet Armstrong (born 8 July 1926), often D. M. Armstrong, is an Australian philosopher. He is well-known for his work on metaphysics and the philosophy of mind, and for his defence of a factualist ontology, a functionalist theory of the mind, an externalist epistemology, and a necessitarian conception of the laws of nature. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2008.

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Displaying 1 - 4 of 4 reviews
Profile Image for Jessica Zu.
1,255 reviews174 followers
January 29, 2012
Not a bad introduction book at all. It's biased. But that's just what's needed. Metaphysics is so messy without a biased position (or privileged position) it's impossible to introduce all the important questions, concepts, challenges and answers. And it's easy enough for anyone who has just a little training of logical analysis of some sort.
Profile Image for Italo Lins Lemos.
54 reviews4 followers
April 23, 2021
Esta é uma leitura obrigatória para quem tem interesse em ser introduzido a um dos problemas clássicos da área de Metafísica: O problema dos universais. Claro, apesar de esse problema ser pelo menos tão antigo quanto o poema "Peri Physis" de Parmênides, e tenha tomado uma nova e importante faceta com a tradução de Boécio do "Isagoge" de Porfírio, este não é um livro da história do problema dos universais (para a alegria ou para a tristeza dos(as) leitores(as)).

Muito pelo contrário: pouco se fala dos clássicos, mas muito se fala dos contemporâneos de língua inglesa. O livro é, por assim dizer, uma apresentação crítica das perspectivas de Anthony Quinton (nominalismo de classes), H. H. Price (nominalismo de semelhança), "Platão" (realismo tradicional), G. F. Stout (classes naturais de tropos), Donald C. Williams (classes e semelhanças de tropos) e J. Cook Wilson (tropos e universais). O próprio Armstrong acaba por apresentar a sua perspectiva filosófica nos capítulos finais: um realismo que entende os universais como "facetas" ou "modos de ser".

A obra é clara, informativa e bem argumentada, embora em alguns momentos se torne cansativa. Especialmente os capítulos sobre o nominalismo. Para além do fato de o autor não ter os melhores dotes literários, Armstrong vai e volta aos mesmos problemas (de regresso, condições de identidade, causalidade, co-extensão, relações, dentre outros) para todas as perspectivas elencadas acima, o que, apesar de dar uma unidade ao livro, dá-nos a sensação de estarmos em um loop.

Ainda assim, por mais que eu tenha as minhas discordâncias com a perspectiva proposta pelo autor, e por mais que eu tenha sentido falta de uma remissão aos clássicos (como falar tão pouco sobre a noção aristotélica de 'substância'? Ou, ainda, por que falar do Guilherme de Ockham somente para mencionar a sua navalha?) eu reitero este é um importante livro para um curso de Metafísica.
31 reviews6 followers
December 19, 2017
Excellent. Clear writing, penetrating and precise arguments, and immaculately structured exposition. An essential read for anyone wanting to understand the contemporary debate about universals.
128 reviews3 followers
September 11, 2023
This is a useful overview of the competing positions on the problem of universals. It is more contemporary than historical. But there are problems. Armstrong doesn't spend enough time pinning down exactly what the problem is, or what the problems are. And, second, is a problem that arises in much of Armstrong's work: the arguments are quick, plentiful, but not carefully worked out. So the book is a bit dizzying. Still it gives one the sense of many different argument strategies and possible ways of developing various views.
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