In his book, Ronald J. Glasser, an American pediatrician assigned to an Army hospital in Japan, tells stories of what it was really like to be an American soldier fighting in Vietnam. His is the most realistic, no-holds-barred military memoir I have ever read.
What distinguishes Glasser's account is that he tells it from the perspective of the sick and the wounded. Personal stories of combat service in Vietnam tend to glorify fighting, especially if they are written by commanders. Stories like the ones Glasser has included in his book, though, disabuse the reader of the false idea that there is something glorious and heroic about it. The author provides graphic, stomach-churning descriptions of the patients' condition. When surgeons had to save young Americans, hardly eighteen, from bleeding to death, they often stood wondering whether first to take out the battered and bleeding spleen, go after the lacerated liver, and clamp the torn vena cava, or start with the hole in the renal artery.
Yet the fact that healthy young men returned home as physical cripples by the thousands was not the greatest tragedy. Far more damaging was the widespread, nearly universal, combat fatigue the soldiers struggled with. Unlike in earlier conflicts such as the Second World War, when one combat psychiatrist had the impossible responsibility of 15,000 soldiers, in Vietnam the existence of combat fatigue was acknowledged. However, the enormous damage it did was ignored. According to Glasser, many of the men he treated suffered from severe combat fatigue that caused them to hallucinate and behave violently. As the authors insists, it was mainly soldiers that were forced to fight in this abnormal state of mind that were usually responsible for the brutalities of the American Army. After their brief stay at the hospital ended, they were sent back to Vietnam, where their condition aggravated, and their behavior was not monitored. No one cared whether their combat fatigue drove them to killing civilians or committing other atrocities, or damaged their minds for life.
Glasser's narrative also underscores the general ineffectiveness of the warfare strategy that the MACV had embraced. The American effort in Vietnam was made to depend on helicopter warfare, but as troopers lying in the Japanese hospital where the author worked told, the helicopters, while powerful in open terrain, in the Vietnamese jungle were shooting at leaves and branches instead of at the enemy. Furthermore, commanders were exceptionally fond of dispatching ranger squads to look for the Viet Cong – a fruitless effort that resulted in little more than an addition to the number of American casualties. The so called rangers, unfamiliar with the jungle, fell victim to enemy ambushes.
There seems to have existed an erroneous notion among American strategists that to ambush a group you have to be in immediate proximity to it. No matter how primitively equipped the Viet Cong men were, though, they were not shooting with bows and arrows. Their AK-47s had an impressive range – 1500 meters with 600 meters accuracy. This is why the notorious defoliation program that was meant to leave the enemy with nowhere to hide in a radius of 300 meters did not produce any positive results, but killed yet more American boys.
So did the malaria that they were not immune to. I was left speechless by the inhumane malaria policy that commanders had adopted. Because those who caught the disease were evacuated, the battalion surgeons were allowed to make the diagnosis of malaria only after a soldier had had a fever of 102 or above for three days. This way the men were kept straight and fighting for 72 more hours. Spending the first three days of their sickness in the 110-degree jungle heat took its toll on their health. By the time they were evacuated and given access to medical care, they collapsed on their way through the hospital's door.
Glasser pays tribute to the medical personnel in the makeshift hospitals of Vietnam. He recounts stories of doctors treating Viet Cong men alongside American soldiers. As one doctor explained to a bewildered nurse, the hospital was inside the village, and the Viet Cong had surrounded the village. The Viet Cong guerrillas could take it, but they chose not to. It was a silent agreement – a small but significant act of kindness and mutual understanding amid death, terror, and destruction. It is inspiring stories like this that help one continue to believe in people.
The author also effectively takes all the heroism out of the American soldiers' fighting and sacrifice in Vietnam. His book is titled 365 days for a reason – this was the number of days a draftee had to serve before he could return home. Each soldier knew this, and all his actions centered around the ultimate objective of making it through this one year. According to the observations of commanders, these soldiers did not want to fight. They had no illusions about the Vietnam conflict. They smoked grass and made few friends. As I think about it, they were no different from many Viet Cong men, who had been forcefully recruited into the ranks of the National Liberation Front by Party agents that infiltrated their villages. Maybe the only difference that mattered is that the Vietnamese were fighting for their country's independence, while the Americans – what were they killing and dying for? They did not know. Propaganda did not work on them, commanders noted.
The Vietnam conflict had an ugly face. It was ugly everywhere – in the jungles and villages of South Vietnam, in the hospitals, and on the home front. There could be nothing glorious about a foreign superpower intervening into an already tragic civil war and making it immensely more bloody, costly, and tragic. There could be nothing heroic about soldiers dying, mentally or physically, in the jungles of a faraway foreign country for a cause that was clear neither to them nor to their superiors, nor to the superiors of their superiors. Any attempt to justify or gloss over the atrocities committed by both sides tarnishes the memory of those who lost their lives on the battlefield, who succumbed to malaria in the jungle, and who died of wounds on the hospital bed.
365 DAYS left a lasting impression on me with both its gripping style and horrifying content. Glasser has poured his heart into his work, which touched me deeply. This book should be required reading for all those in charge of declaring wars. It serves to remind us why war us one of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, why it is so devastating. I highly recommend it.