الدول المارقة: حكم القوة في الشؤون الدولية

by Noam Chomsky, نعوم تشومسكي

What constitutes the behavior that gets a nation labeled a "rogue state"? If, Noam Chomsky suggests, we consider a state to be acting in an "outlaw" fashion when it refuses to heed the articles and resolutions of the United Nations, then the United States is as much a "rogue state" as Saddam Hussein's Iraq--if not more. Chomsky presents a brief outline of America's attempts--once the cold war was over--to reconstruct Iraq as an enemy after years of turning a blind eye to Saddam's activities and even supplying him with aid. He also considers how the broader "war" on terrorism fits into this post-cold-war strategy. Noted commentator on Middle Eastern affairs Edward Said supplements Chomsky's argument with a consideration of the severity of U.S. sanctions against Iraq and what he views as a growing disregard for the interests of other Arab nations in the region. And Ramsey Clark offers a brief coda on the 50th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; Chomsky himself delivers a more elaborate consideration of this theme in another book in the Open Media series, The Umbrella of U.S. Power. --Ron Hogan

Genres: Politics, Nonfiction, History, Political Science, Philosophy, Current Affairs, American

274 pages

First published January 31, 1999

About the author

Avram Noam Chomsky is an American professor and public intellectual known for his work in linguistics, political activism, and social criticism. Sometimes called "the father of modern linguistics", Chomsky is also a major figure in analytic philosophy and one of the founders of the field of cognitive science. He is a laureate professor of linguistics at the University of Arizona and an institute professor emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Among the most cited living authors, Chomsky has written more than 150 books on topics such as linguistics, war, and politics. In addition to his work in linguistics, since the 1960s Chomsky has been an influential voice on the American left as a consistent critic of U.S. foreign policy, contemporary capitalism, and corporate influence on political institutions and the media.
Born to Ashkenazi Jewish immigrants (his father was William Chomsky) in Philadelphia, Chomsky developed an early interest in anarchism from alternative bookstores in New York City. He studied at the University of Pennsylvania. During his postgraduate work in the Harvard Society of Fellows, Chomsky developed the theory of transformational grammar for which he earned his doctorate in 1955. That year he began teaching at MIT, and in 1957 emerged as a significant figure in linguistics with his landmark work Syntactic Structures, which played a major role in remodeling the study of language. From 1958 to 1959 Chomsky was a National Science Foundation fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study. He created or co-created the universal grammar theory, the generative grammar theory, the Chomsky hierarchy, and the minimalist program. Chomsky also played a pivotal role in the decline of linguistic behaviorism, and was particularly critical of the work of B.F. Skinner.
An outspoken opponent of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, which he saw as an act of American imperialism, in 1967 Chomsky rose to national attention for his anti-war essay "The Responsibility of Intellectuals". Becoming associated with the New Left, he was arrested multiple times for his activism and placed on President Richard M. Nixon's list of political opponents. While expanding his work in linguistics over subsequent decades, he also became involved in the linguistics wars. In collaboration with Edward S. Herman, Chomsky later articulated the propaganda model of media criticism in Manufacturing Consent, and worked to expose the Indonesian occupation of East Timor. His defense of unconditional freedom of speech, including that of Holocaust denial, generated significant controversy in the Faurisson affair of the 1980s. Chomsky's commentary on the Cambodian genocide and the Bosnian genocide also generated controversy. Since retiring from active teaching at MIT, he has continued his vocal political activism, including opposing the 2003 invasion of Iraq and supporting the Occupy movement. An anti-Zionist, Chomsky considers Israel's treatment of Palestinians to be worse than South African–style apartheid, and criticizes U.S. support for Israel.
Chomsky is widely recognized as having helped to spark the cognitive revolution in the human sciences, contributing to the development of a new cognitivistic framework for the study of language and the mind. Chomsky remains a leading critic of U.S. foreign policy, contemporary capitalism, U.S. involvement and Israel's role in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, and mass media. Chomsky and his ideas are highly influential in the anti-capitalist and anti-imperialist movements. Since 2017, he has been Agnese Helms Haury Chair in the Agnese Nelms Haury Program in Environment and Social Justice at the University of Arizona.

Reviews

[Sawsan · Rating 4 out of 5]

تشومسكي يعرض تصنيف الدول المارقة بالنسبة للقوى الكبرى في العالم
مصطلحات الديكتاتورية والإرهاب والإجرام لا تتدخل كثيرا في هذا التصنيف
فقط المصالح والاستغلال والمطامع هي التي تحدد إذا ما كانت الدولة مارقة أم حليفة
تشومسكي ينقد السياسة الأمريكية في الحروب واختلاق الأزمات وتوزيع الاتهامات
ويكتب عن أحداث وحقائق مرئية بوضوح عبر السنين
لكن يظل الواقع تحكمه القوة الغير عادلة بعيدا عن شعارات المبادئ والانسانية والقوانين الدولية

[حسين العُمري · Rating 5 out of 5]

كتاب لابد لكل متابع للشأن السياسي العالمي أن يقرأه بشكل عميق ،، فكرة الدول المارقة الخارجة عن السياق الذي تريده أمريكا الدولة التي تمتلك القوة والمال وتفسير القانون الدولي وتحديد الشرعي واللاشرعي ، الكتاب غاص بكثير من الأمثلة التي تفسر السلوك السياسي الأمريكي في العالم وأهداف الإدارات الأمريكية المتعاقبة في التعامل مع أي حدث وأهدافها من هذا التعامل ،، القانون الدولي والديموقراطية في نظر السياسية الأمريكية هي أمور نسبية خاضعة لأكثر من تفسير وأكثر من معيار وجرائم الحرب وانتهاكات حقوق الإنسان قد تكون مبررة كذلك بل ومطلوبة وتحظى بكثير من الرضا داخل أروقة البيت الأبيض والكونغرس والبنتاغون ،، كتاب عظيم آخر لتشومسكي المفكر الإنساني الكبير

[Ilias · Rating 5 out of 5]

There is not a single man alive today that can give you a better and more nuanced view of politics and world affairs than Noam Chomsky. There is a downside though... Mister Chomsky slaps you with hard depressing reality. When you come into the realm of world affairs, the reality is a very ugly thing. Reading his books often reminds me of a quote from Schopenhauer where he said: "Life is deeply steeped in suffering".

[Lee (Rocky) · Rating 4 out of 5]

I love Chomsky, but to be honest, sometimes I can't really tell the difference between his books. Regardless of whether the topic is rogue states, failed states, hegemony, etc., he's often pretty much saying the same sorts of things -- corporatism, hypocrisy, abuse of power, Orwellian language, and general bullying and lack of responsibility by those with power. That being said, he is brilliant at explaining things clearly and concisely in ways that historians and news media simply refuse to. Like all of Chomsky's political writings, this book is a stinging indictment of the world's power structure and the ways that those who have power use it to benefit themselves to the detriment of democracy and peace, and the ways in which powerful people and powerful states can get away with things that the less powerful cannot.

[Laura Scott · Rating 3 out of 5]

Chomsky... sometimes you're too much of a rambler for me! No solutions just depicted tragedies. It's ok, we are in trouble but life is not close to be over

[شريف]

الكتاب موجود في دار الكتاب العربي:

52 شارع عبد الخالق ثروت وسط البلد - هاتف: 23916122

[Randall Wallace · Rating 5 out of 5]

Just as the Reformation was a business decision for Northern Europe to cut financial obligations to Rome, just so was the American Revolutionary War a business decision. How? “New York State alone gained close to $4 million by taking loyalist property”. Not a small sum back then. We won the Vietnam War because, after we finished, the destroyed Vietnam would never be a model to anyone and its threat as a “virus” was gone. “The slaughter (mostly of landless peasants) was comparable to Stalin, Hitler, and Mao.” The greatest loss of human life in history for a six-hour window was caused by the US – the rarely mentioned Tokyo fire bombings. Noam takes on the Black Book by stating that India (a Capitalist democracy) caused more deaths than Communism did from beginning to end: “over 100 million deaths by 1979, and tens of millions more since in India alone”. Centrists and right wingers point their fingers at Cuba’s human rights violations when they know that without question Cuba’s greatest violations are happening in Guantanamo, stolen at gunpoint by the U.S. over a century ago. The goals of the Cuba invasion by the US was in fact: to prevent its independence after liberation by Spain. Note that Puerto Rico was stolen the same year and the Philippines was a “bonus”. Mark Twain’s political writings on the Philippines and other topics were contained until 1992 (a delay of ninety years). In 1962, JFK’s administration switched the role of Latin America’s military from “hemispheric defense” to “domestic security” and gave it the “means and training to carry out the task.” This new official National Security Doctrine moved its focus from “defense against an external enemy” to defense against “an internal enemy”, each country’s domestic population itself. What a difference one word makes. Anyway, that led to a “culture of terror” that “domesticates the expectations of the majority” and undermines aspirations towards “alternatives different to those of the powerful.” The policy became, “Latin Americans should be free; free to act in accord with our wishes.” These countries had to open their borders to heavily subsidized agricultural products “with the obvious effect of undermining the local population”. You can’t have any poor and underprivileged person thinking they have a right to “seek opportunities for a decent living.” Castro’s threat has long been the “idea of taking matters into your own hands”; other people in other countries might also start demanding their chances for a decent living.

The entire Cold War was just a “public pretext”. In the Schlesinger report, the Russian threat was revealed: unlike the US it offered “aid and development loans”. Simply offering loans, without strings-attached the size of bridge cables, is not the American Way. A state department official during Reagan’s years noted the US undermines democracy everywhere. Guatemala’s democracy was overthrown by the Eisenhower Administration in 1954. One might ask as Noam does, “Why did the United States overthrow the one democratic capitalist government in Guatemala, and why has it maintained support for state terror ever since?” Agrarian reform threatens class interests and any study of the 1954 overthrow shows that “the Cold War had virtually nothing to do with it.” The US makes Guatemala turn to others for aid, then keeps all of Europe from helping which leaves the Soviet bloc. Rat takes the cheese, trap comes down, “You commie rat!”: US gets what it wanted - control of Guatemala business interests and a compliant terrorized labor force. Columbia is another lesson to other countries: It gets more US military aid than any other Latin American country while also having the worst human rights record. The post-Cold War period begins with the invading of Panama.

President Johnson soon escalated and rebranded JFK’s illegal invasion of South Vietnam improbably as “the defense of South Vietnam”. The Vietnam War finally ended when it was deemed too costly to continue. Around that time, US planners intentionally invented the US madman persona – in one report it was written: “That the US may become irrational and vindictive if it’s vital interests are attacked is part of the national persona we want to project.” We act anywhere globally whenever we wish yet we would be aghast/dumbfounded if another country decided to do anything on our soil without our consent. When our military doesn’t kill them, our exports might – we are both the world’s largest arms exporter and exporter of cigarettes. Cigarettes are a global killer extraordinaire one expert shows how 50 million Chinese children alive today will die from smoking related illnesses. Let’s make money off of causing death by cigarettes and guns, who says that? Tobacco kills 400,000 each year in the US, pot kills zero. Theodore Roosevelt was greatly admired by Hitler and for good reason, judging from his writings. TR’s noble ideals were in fact: “To prevent independence through humanitarian intervention”.

The Right sees the tiny flaw of our government: “it is to some degree accountable to the public.” You can’t have that happening of course and so their solution is small government. Keep the bloated military and bloated subsidies intact but jettison all social safety nets. Destroy the New Deal, destroy any deal, because unstable people work for less. And so, the Right wants the people to see “that the government is an enemy to be hated and feared, not a potential instrument of popular sovereignty” - all in the name of worker insecurity.

Western Violence is long noted. The First Crusades end with the knights, after an edifying massacre, “sobbing for excess of joy” putting “their blood-stained hands together in prayer.” Historians remark how Knights were taught they would be free from all sins after butchering all day “’til he waded ankle-deep in blood.” Let’s continue to transfer moral nobility via Hollywood films to these knights of old (a.k.a. sociopathic sadistic mercenaries). “Frankish chroniclers described how the warriors of the church “boiled Pagan adults in cooking pots”. Yum. Noam discusses the entire UD (including the destruction of article 13 of the UD a.k.a. the right of return) in depth. The US owes 1.3 billion to the UN but we owe the ILO $92.6 million as well. We are the Donald Trump of the International Community; we pay when it suits us, what it suits us. The Justice Department shows that white collar crime is “7 to 25 times as high as street crime.” Regarding Russia, Rosa Luxemburg warned that if you centralized power, power would then go from the working people to the Party. “Conquest of state power in 1917 …destroyed every residue of socialist forms and principles.” Did you know the in 1989, Russia announced its invasion of Afghanistan was illegal? Has the U.S. ever once admitted theirs was as well? Or any of our invasions? Noam makes clear, there are no apologies to our victims. Noam’s question is what would truth be if doctrinal filters could be removed? The business press often tells the truth about business, and it has said many times that “high-tech industry cannot survive in a pure, competitive, unsubsidized, free-enterprise economy and the government is their only possible savior”. The decision to go with a military economy after the War and not a social spending economy was because “you undercut the democratizing effect when you switch to the Pentagon system. Furthermore, social spending tends to be redistributive, whereas the Pentagon system is a pure gift to private power. It is also a secret. It is easy to sell; you just make the people cower in terror, and then they will pay for it.” We live in the only country of the world that “vetoed a Security Council resolution calling on all states to obey international law.” The Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 outlawed war. Noam defines “stability” as a “favorable orientation of the political elite” – not good for the population but for foreign investors. Another amazing book by Noam Chomsky.

[Preetam Chatterjee · Rating 4 out of 5]

Reading Rogue States felt like having a firebrand professor pull back the global curtain and whisper, “Now let me tell you what’s really going on.” Chomsky doesn’t rant — he dissects. Calmly. Relentlessly. And by the end, you’re left not angry, but activated.

This book challenges the very language of foreign policy. "Rogue state"? Chomsky flips it around and says — look again. Who's destabilizing democracies? Who’s violating international law? Who's arming dictators while preaching freedom? His answer is unapologetic: the very powers that claim to police the world.

I remember reading this in quiet rage during college, highlighter in one hand, the newspaper in the other — the headlines suddenly felt like propaganda leaflets. Chomsky didn’t give me conspiracy. He gave me context. Latin America, the Middle East, the Balkans — each chapter felt like a suppressed history lesson no one wanted to teach in school.

He doesn’t offer a neat solution. That’s not his style. What he does give is clarity — the kind that ruins dinner conversations and keeps you up at night wondering, “Are we the baddies?”

And yet, it never feels cynical. Just sobering. Like a voice saying: Now that you know, what will you do?

[sologdin · Rating 2 out of 5]

like its later quasi-sequel, Failed States The Abuse of Power and the Assault on Democracy, attempts to turn the US's preferred definition of the eponymous geopolitical slur against the US's own conduct. generally a successful endeavor (though less lively, perhaps, than William Blum's similarly titled Rogue State A Guide to the World's Only Superpower)--but redundant with the good professor's other writings on the same subject. rule of thumb is that one should read every fourth Chomsky book to keep up with him, with several exceptions for the important texts (such as Manufacturing Consent or Deterring Democracy).

[Azhar Ali · Rating 5 out of 5]

Noam Chomsky tell you in this book what you most probably won't hear from any other source. Hidden battles and agreements all are discussed here.

[Nadienne Williams · Rating 5 out of 5]

There are times when it is absolutely infuriating to be an American. To see how low my nation will stoop, how quickly we will abandon those beliefs and values that we supposedly hold most dear to maintain our hegemonic power or to allow someone to make a quick buck is disgusting.

One would think that my being an American and an Atheist/Communist/Collectivist I would have gotten used to this disappointment by now...but one would be wrong. Every day is another opportunity for disappointment.

If you'd like to read about how the United States of America trashes the United Nations and the ideals that both agencies both in share in common daily, then this is the book for you. If you'd like to shake your illusions that liberals are the "good guys," then this is the book for you. If you'd like to read a book by the incomparable Noam Chomsky, then this is the book for you.

[Noah · Rating 5 out of 5]

2021 is off to a hot start. this really truly ought to be part of someone’s curriculum somewhere. APUSH beware!

[Ahsan Butt · Rating 5 out of 5]

I have translated this book from English into Urdu for Jumhoori Publications, Lahore, Pakistan. The title of Urdu translation is Sarkash Riasatein سَرکَش ریاستیں.

[Yaser Maadat · Rating 4 out of 5]

يقدم تشومسكي عرضا مفصلا للدور الذي لعبته الولايات المتحدة في اعاقة تقدم العالم و بالذات "العالم السفلي" نحو الامام بفعل تدخلاتها الامبريالية في عدد كبير من دول العالم سواء كانت هذه التدخلات مباشرة عبر الاجتياح العسكري كما في المثال الفيتنامي الصارخ أو كانت غير مباشرة عبر اجهاض الديموقراطيات الناشئة و دعم الدكتاتوريات العميلة كما هو الحال في غواتيمالا مثلا،شيء مميز في الكتاب هو عرضه المتناسق و التاريخي للتاريخ الامبريالي المارق الذي ميّز الولايات المتحدة كدولة فوق القانون الدولي و فوق حقوق الانسان و دلل على تشومسكي على هذا الامر بعدد كبير من الحوادث التاريخية الفاصلة،ناهيك عن الدور الامريكي الكولونيالي في توجيه اقتصاد السوق صوب حفنة من الشركات الرأسمالية الامبريالية لتصبح وحدها المتحكمة في مصائر الشعوب ليتحول العالم الى مستهلك يمكن استهلاكه فيما بعد من أجل تقدم الوحش الامبريالي!

[Alex · Rating 5 out of 5]

With plenty of examples and withering commentary, Chomsky makes the blatantly implicit case that the U.S. is the biggest rogue state of all.
It would be hard to read Chomsky and see the world the same way, especially as an American who is rarely given the real facts about U.S. involvement/aggression abroad.

[Osama Mohamed · Rating 4 out of 5]

كيف تتحكم امريكا في مصائر الشعوب ؟ كيف تغض الطرف عن تجاوزات لاسباب معينة في حالات وتستنكر نفس التجاوزات في حالات اخري ؟ هل تساعد امريكا الإرهاب ام لا ؟ هل تقوم بإنقلابات عسكرية في دول معينة من اجل مصالحها ؟ اعتقد ان الكتاب يجيب ويقدم امثلة عديدة لكل هذة التساؤلات .كتاب رائع جدا للمهتمين بالسياسة وعلاقتها بموازين القوة في العالم

[Ahmed Ibrahem · Rating 2 out of 5]

ترجمة سيئة جدا

[Paul Westwood · Rating 3 out of 5]

Ok, here's a quick review to get it off my to-do list.
I didn't think this book was as good as some of the other ones I've read because it felt a bit piecemeal, which is what it was. In the notes section there is an intro to each chapter saying where it first appeared so Chomsky has clearly taken a number of separate articles or talks and put them together because they follow a similar thread. I'm sure he's edited them as the theme does continue through the whole book but it still felt like a series of independent pieces that have been brought together rather than a naturally flowing narrative. That in itself isn't enough to warrant losing a star though.
The second issue I had was that sometimes he used some very complex and convoluted sentences that could be very difficult to understand. This was usually because he was incorporating quotes into his sentences, sometimes snippets of multiple quotes spliced together to present a point.
My last criticism is that there were quite a few occasions where he closed a section with a statement that was a corollary of a point that I didn't have the background knowledge to understand. This could be seen as much a fault on my behalf for not knowing about the things he felt there was no need to expand on.
With regards content, this book is extremely well researched, as his books always seem to be, with a wealth of source material to back him up. It's extremely interesting and has helped broaden my understanding of the issues of American foreign policy and international affairs in general.
Read it if you're interested but just beware it's a heavy and complex read at times.

[Rook Andalus · Rating 4 out of 5]

This book is packed with information regarding everything from Saddam Hussein to NAFTA. Haiti, Cuba, Laos, the former Soviet bloc states, the EU, Afghanistan, Guatemala, Vietnam, Israel, East Timor... Chomsky seems to touch on everything, but with good reason. He articulates U.S. foreign policy and its affects on numerous countries around the world, the effects these policies have on governments, citizens, and corporations.
Chomsky demonstrates points he tries to convey by breaking down and analyzing past events between the U.S. Federal- and other governments, the effects of their actions on a variety of things, and how these events fit Chomsky's description of why the U.S. chooses the policies it does. His perspectives are thought-provoking.
At some points in the book the literature tends to lose its smooth transitions from one point to the next by jumping from one event to an entirely different event. For instance, some pages will make mention of U.S. policies and effects among the former Soviet bloc states, relationships with Israel, and cause and effects in Latin America all on the same page. Though they are all related, it makes for difficult reading at times, especially for the laity.
Chomsky does a fine job of referencing his work at the end of the book allowing the reader to research further if s/he so chooses. Though some small parts of the book seem to border Area-51-type conspiracy, Chomsky does an excellent job of backing up his educated perspective. Convincing, thought-provoking, intelligent, and a bit frightening.

[Jake · Rating 3 out of 5]

It is a book that at times is great, but generally it is bit circular and the thinking is scattered.

Chomsky has the ability to lay out clear cases of injustice. However, it is often unfortunate the way he repeats the same examples even when not directly relevant to the chapter they are found in. This makes it, at times, a tiring book to read.

This said his examples are sound. He is well researched and has an amazing ability to make one see the incredible injustice in the global system. His argument for collective amnesia is very strong and his theory of the US as a rogue state is convincing (although may be better described as a imperial power using 'rogue state' terminology as a justification for hegemony.).

I would recommend it to anyone interested in international law, US imperialism or a critique of 'humanitarian' military intervention.

[Samuel · Rating 3 out of 5]

Originally didn’t finish this book because it, at times, just reads like a catalogue of evidence and examples of the US doing dodgy things. The most interesting part is probably it’s opening chapter, where Chomsky lays out how rogue states aren’t just the “traditional” group that we think violate international laws, but the superpowers and their allies who can use international law to control others and flout it themselves when it suits.

There are some really interesting examples in here but it can get repetitive and dry at times. Had to skim some bits where it just was the same argument over and over but with a slightly different example used.

He has written a lot of stuff and whilst it is interesting, and important, it isn’t the best read throughout. Honestly could have been written as a long essay rather than a book.

[Adam Tett · Rating 3 out of 5]

Wow, Noam really is not a fan of Bill Clinton whatsoever.

I picked this book up from a small local bookstore in Philadelphia that uh, kinda had the vibe that you’d expect for someone who might be super pro-Chomsky. The book is just ok but some of my disagreements are undoubtedly because it was published 20+ years before today. Glad I read it but I feel like it’s written for a specific type of politically-cynical and “intellectually skeptical” (we all know these types of people) individuals who just want to blame the United States for everything.

Also why the hate for General George Marshall? He may holistically be the greatest American who ever lived.

[Jackson Martin · Rating 4 out of 5]

A rogue state is normally considered a north korea with a dictatorial leader being a nuisance for everyone else but as usual he flips this definition on its head. First by going over the many, many war crimes of the US from our support of dictators (including Saddam Hussein) to our suppression of the far majority of citizens through class warfare. Each chapter was very random so there wasn’t a lot of flow throughout the book, but they’re pretty understandable and easy to really get because of the number of examples. He’s also a little repetitive but I don’t mind this I think it’s kind of helpful honestly.

[Victor Porras · Rating 5 out of 5]

A damning indictment of the hypocrisy in US and European foreign policy. Completely relevant to today, despite being two decades old. It's really a series of essays about related topics rather than a whole book, so it can get repetitive if you read them all back to back, but the points were so good I didn't care. The writing is bitterly sarcastic and very fun to read.

[Gregg Parker · Rating 4 out of 5]

Imagine what it would be like to be Noam Chomsky's roommate. You have a small disagreement, and then in the morning wake to find a 500-page thesis in front of your door titled: "Unrepentant Treachery: Why Your Incorrect Dishwasher-Loading Method is the Equivalent of State Terror." Also, I have a feeling Chomsky would use a guy's fancy mustard without asking. Just saying.

[Randal · Rating 2 out of 5]

Can be summarized in two words: "America bad."

Does not actually discuss rogue states as the title implies. It simply spends 300+ pages painting America as the sole rogue state in the world. A repetitive bore.

[Ioan Prydderch · Rating 4 out of 5]

As always succinct and incisive. It's a post Cold War and pre 9/11 book littered with ironies from the opening pages that establish a pattern of the US and the UK circumventing and ignoring international norms.

[Hiba · Rating 4 out of 5]

الطرح الدقيق والتحليل الشامل كما هو منهجه دوما، لكن بالمجمل وعلى قدر قيمة هذا العمل فان الترمة لم تخدم النص الاصلي بالابقاء على دقة الموضوعية والمنهجية واضعفت بنيانه.

[Elkhalil Ndach · Rating 4 out of 5]

حين يبدع نعوم تشومسكي كعادته

[Mel Stead]

Review from the March 2001 issue of the Socialist Standard:

https://socialiststandardmyspace.blog...