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Съчинения в 6 тома #1.2
Органон, част II
Аристотел (384 пр.н.е. - 322 пр.н.е.) е древногръцки философ, един от най-големите гении на Античността. Ученик на Платон и учител на Александър Македонски, Аристотел е сред малкото личности в историята, изследвали почти всяка тема, достъпна за своята епоха. В науката той изучава анатомия, астрономия, география, геология, зоология, метеорология и физика. Във философията той пише за естетика, етика, икономика, метафизика, политика, психология, реторика и теология. Занимава се още с образование, чуждоземни обичаи, литература и поезия. Съчиненията му са на практика енциклопедия на древногръцкото познание.
На вниманието на читателя е първото българско многотомно издание на Аристотел. Шестте тома включват неговите основни логически, натурфилософски, метафизически, етически, политически и реторически съчинения. В съдържанието на последния са фрагментите и словник към цялото издание. Всички томове включват предговор, коментар, показалци и библиография. Изданието е двуезично, в две части.
Първият том е посветен на логическите съчинения (т.нар. "Органон"). Втората част на тома включва "Втора аналитика", "Топика" и "За софистическите опровержения".
"Втора аналитика" представлява класическо изложение на древногръцкия аксиоматичен метод (методът на логическата дедукция), при който изводите (новото познание) се извеждат от предпоставки (старо познание) чрез прилагането на основателни аргументи (съждения, правила за извеждане). Този метод намира най-широко приложение в геометрията, която се превръща в дедуктивна система, чиито изводи се разглеждат като аналогични на фактите от природните науки. Дедуктивният метод служи за избягване на грешки и за структуриране и предаване на познанието.
"Топика" е едно от фундаменталните съчинения на Аристотел, изиграло важна роля за формирането на неговата "първа философия". Разглежда въпросите за намиране на аргументи, които са общи за няколко твърдения. Освен за изследване на първите начала този метод има и пряк жизнен смисъл. Това е основният акцент, който Аристотел поставя при разглеждането му в "Топика" - като логика на живото човешко общуване.
"За софистическите опровержения" предлага критически анализ на софистическите доказателства и прийоми, въведени от софистите във философската дейност и упражнявани широко от тях и други представители на античността. Целта на Аристотел е опровержението на ненаучните реторико-диалектически средства на философите.
На вниманието на читателя е първото българско многотомно издание на Аристотел. Шестте тома включват неговите основни логически, натурфилософски, метафизически, етически, политически и реторически съчинения. В съдържанието на последния са фрагментите и словник към цялото издание. Всички томове включват предговор, коментар, показалци и библиография. Изданието е двуезично, в две части.
Първият том е посветен на логическите съчинения (т.нар. "Органон"). Втората част на тома включва "Втора аналитика", "Топика" и "За софистическите опровержения".
"Втора аналитика" представлява класическо изложение на древногръцкия аксиоматичен метод (методът на логическата дедукция), при който изводите (новото познание) се извеждат от предпоставки (старо познание) чрез прилагането на основателни аргументи (съждения, правила за извеждане). Този метод намира най-широко приложение в геометрията, която се превръща в дедуктивна система, чиито изводи се разглеждат като аналогични на фактите от природните науки. Дедуктивният метод служи за избягване на грешки и за структуриране и предаване на познанието.
"Топика" е едно от фундаменталните съчинения на Аристотел, изиграло важна роля за формирането на неговата "първа философия". Разглежда въпросите за намиране на аргументи, които са общи за няколко твърдения. Освен за изследване на първите начала този метод има и пряк жизнен смисъл. Това е основният акцент, който Аристотел поставя при разглеждането му в "Топика" - като логика на живото човешко общуване.
"За софистическите опровержения" предлага критически анализ на софистическите доказателства и прийоми, въведени от софистите във философската дейност и упражнявани широко от тях и други представители на античността. Целта на Аристотел е опровержението на ненаучните реторико-диалектически средства на философите.
- GenresPhilosophyClassics
920 pages, Hardcover
First published January 1, 348
6 people are currently reading
154 people want to read
About the author
Aristotle
4,358 books5,627 followersAristotle (Greek: Αριστοτέλης; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath. His writings cover a broad range of subjects spanning the natural sciences, philosophy, linguistics, economics, politics, psychology, and the arts. As the founder of the Peripatetic school of philosophy in the Lyceum in Athens, he began the wider Aristotelian tradition that followed, which set the groundwork for the development of modern science.
Little is known about Aristotle's life. He was born in the city of Stagira in northern Greece during the Classical period. His father, Nicomachus, died when Aristotle was a child, and he was brought up by a guardian. At 17 or 18, he joined Plato's Academy in Athens and remained there until the age of 37 (c. 347 BC). Shortly after Plato died, Aristotle left Athens and, at the request of Philip II of Macedon, tutored his son Alexander the Great beginning in 343 BC. He established a library in the Lyceum, which helped him to produce many of his hundreds of books on papyrus scrolls.
Though Aristotle wrote many treatises and dialogues for publication, only around a third of his original output has survived, none of it intended for publication. Aristotle provided a complex synthesis of the various philosophies existing prior to him. His teachings and methods of inquiry have had a significant impact across the world, and remain a subject of contemporary philosophical discussion.
Aristotle's views profoundly shaped medieval scholarship. The influence of his physical science extended from late antiquity and the Early Middle Ages into the Renaissance, and was not replaced systematically until the Enlightenment and theories such as classical mechanics were developed. He influenced Judeo-Islamic philosophies during the Middle Ages, as well as Christian theology, especially the Neoplatonism of the Early Church and the scholastic tradition of the Catholic Church.
Aristotle was revered among medieval Muslim scholars as "The First Teacher", and among medieval Christians like Thomas Aquinas as simply "The Philosopher", while the poet Dante Alighieri called him "the master of those who know". His works contain the earliest known formal study of logic, and were studied by medieval scholars such as Pierre Abélard and Jean Buridan. Aristotle's influence on logic continued well into the 19th century. In addition, his ethics, although always influential, gained renewed interest with the modern advent of virtue ethics.
Little is known about Aristotle's life. He was born in the city of Stagira in northern Greece during the Classical period. His father, Nicomachus, died when Aristotle was a child, and he was brought up by a guardian. At 17 or 18, he joined Plato's Academy in Athens and remained there until the age of 37 (c. 347 BC). Shortly after Plato died, Aristotle left Athens and, at the request of Philip II of Macedon, tutored his son Alexander the Great beginning in 343 BC. He established a library in the Lyceum, which helped him to produce many of his hundreds of books on papyrus scrolls.
Though Aristotle wrote many treatises and dialogues for publication, only around a third of his original output has survived, none of it intended for publication. Aristotle provided a complex synthesis of the various philosophies existing prior to him. His teachings and methods of inquiry have had a significant impact across the world, and remain a subject of contemporary philosophical discussion.
Aristotle's views profoundly shaped medieval scholarship. The influence of his physical science extended from late antiquity and the Early Middle Ages into the Renaissance, and was not replaced systematically until the Enlightenment and theories such as classical mechanics were developed. He influenced Judeo-Islamic philosophies during the Middle Ages, as well as Christian theology, especially the Neoplatonism of the Early Church and the scholastic tradition of the Catholic Church.
Aristotle was revered among medieval Muslim scholars as "The First Teacher", and among medieval Christians like Thomas Aquinas as simply "The Philosopher", while the poet Dante Alighieri called him "the master of those who know". His works contain the earliest known formal study of logic, and were studied by medieval scholars such as Pierre Abélard and Jean Buridan. Aristotle's influence on logic continued well into the 19th century. In addition, his ethics, although always influential, gained renewed interest with the modern advent of virtue ethics.
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Displaying 1 - 5 of 5 reviews
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May 24, 2013Worth going back to - the argumentative strategies of contemporary analytic philosophy feel a lot like the dialectics described in Topica and I still want to figure out exactly how endoxa function there and in the rest of Aristotle's work.
August 11, 2020
Enjoyed this book quite a bit more than Prior Analytics. Aristotle here builds upon the formal logic explained in Prior Analytics to explore how knowledge can be obtained, which types of knowledge are superior to others, and the validity of various explanations for how scientific knowledge is obtained. A fascinating consideration of how we know anything and what can be truly known.
I also found both some fairly entertaining examples of flawed scientific knowledge of the time and some new knowledge that is accurate but previously unknown to me, like the explanation of thunder being the extinguishing of fire in the clouds, or the explanation of the coagulation of sap at the leaf’s stem being the reason it dies and falls off as the weather cools, respectively. (should I be embarrassed for not knowing this of deciduous plants? It feels like something an elementary school teacher must have explained at some point in my life, but since went unconsidered by me.)
Overall a worthwhile read and a much easier and faster read than Prior Analytics. Though, if you have not read Prior Analytics, you will likely find this book to be very challenging.
I also found both some fairly entertaining examples of flawed scientific knowledge of the time and some new knowledge that is accurate but previously unknown to me, like the explanation of thunder being the extinguishing of fire in the clouds, or the explanation of the coagulation of sap at the leaf’s stem being the reason it dies and falls off as the weather cools, respectively. (should I be embarrassed for not knowing this of deciduous plants? It feels like something an elementary school teacher must have explained at some point in my life, but since went unconsidered by me.)
Overall a worthwhile read and a much easier and faster read than Prior Analytics. Though, if you have not read Prior Analytics, you will likely find this book to be very challenging.
May 8, 2022
They call me Ben Shapiro the way I Fact and Logic
April 30, 2012
One bit of evidence that I'm a geek: I get excited that I can read Aristotle.
Back in grad school I really liked the Posterior Analytics and wanted to re-read it as part of my reading back through elements of the philosophical canon. This time I wasn't as engaged by it, presumably because it does not align as closely with my current interests as it did in grad school in the nineties. The closing pages, which discuss the limitations of scientific knowledge, are the best.
While reading, I was reminded powerfully of how different philosophical reasoning and debate is from the way most debate now occurs in our wider culture. In philosophy you must present an argument for your idea and then others look for and point out the weak points in the argument, compelling you to strengthen or abandon it.
I think one reason I get so easily annoyed with some people and their views is that there is a correct way to argue and there are things that are true and right. We may have a constitutional right to believe whatever, but we do not have a logical, rational "right" to.
Back in grad school I really liked the Posterior Analytics and wanted to re-read it as part of my reading back through elements of the philosophical canon. This time I wasn't as engaged by it, presumably because it does not align as closely with my current interests as it did in grad school in the nineties. The closing pages, which discuss the limitations of scientific knowledge, are the best.
While reading, I was reminded powerfully of how different philosophical reasoning and debate is from the way most debate now occurs in our wider culture. In philosophy you must present an argument for your idea and then others look for and point out the weak points in the argument, compelling you to strengthen or abandon it.
I think one reason I get so easily annoyed with some people and their views is that there is a correct way to argue and there are things that are true and right. We may have a constitutional right to believe whatever, but we do not have a logical, rational "right" to.
January 10, 2015
A handbook, not a novel. Essential to an educated community.
Displaying 1 - 5 of 5 reviews