Peter & Pierre: The Lives, Battles, and Political Visions of Peter Lougheed and Pierre Trudeau

by Jack Martin

For fifteen years, from 1970 to 1985, Pierre Trudeau, Peter Lougheed, and René Lévesque were principal players in what has been dubbed the era of Canadian conflictual federalism—a period during which the nation was almost torn apart by battles over provincial versus federal powers, fueled by separatist sentiments in Quebec and fights over the sharing of profits from Alberta’s vast petroleum resources. These matters escalated in 1980 with Quebec’s referendum on sovereignty association and Trudeau’s implementation of the National Energy Program (NEP). They came to a head during the constitutional talks between the federal and provincial governments in early November of 1981.

This book tells the story of how different stages in the personal development and political lives of Pierre Trudeau and Peter Lougheed shaped their very different visions of Canadian federalism, and how these conflicting views played out in their fights over the NEP and patriation of the Canadian Constitution and Charter of Rights and Freedoms during the early 1980s. Lévesque and the other premiers are not forgotten, but focusing on Trudeau and Lougheed provides a fascinating exploration of personal similarities and differences grounded in the historical, sociocultural, and political contexts of their lives. This is the story of two confident, powerful men who understood themselves as having obligations to their home provinces and to Canada as a whole that only they could discharge. The consequences of their political contests and their eventual compromises continue to play out, as do their visions of Canada and what it might become.

The book is structured as a dual character study of Trudeau and Lougheed that is embedded in the histories of their home provinces and country, in their childhoods and educations, and in the relationships and undertakings that marked their adult lives. It is demonstrated and argued that neither could have done what the other did. Despite their many similarities, they each exercised signature capabilities and engaged different strategies and styles from those available to the other. How these capabilities, strategies, and styles developed in the contexts of their life experiences and attempts at self-development provides a unique glimpse into the complex intricacies of modes and manners of leadership suited to particular times and places, all subject to the vicissitudes of the predictable and the unexpected. Both men and their lives come more vividly into focus through the telling of their stories in tandem. Always willing to do battle with each over their differing convictions and visions of what they believed was best for Canada and their home provinces, Peter and Pierre also recognized that constructive compromise sometimes was necessary to serve and safeguard Canada, its regions, and its citizens.

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About the author

Jack Martin began as an educational and counselling psychologist, and he spent many years as a researcher of counselling and psychotherapy. By mid-career, he became devoted to the history and theory of psychology and psychiatry. At the end of 2018, he retired from his position as Burnaby Mountain Chair of Psychology at Simon Fraser University. He is a Fellow of the Canadian and American Psychological Associations, former President of the Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology (STPP), lead editor of the Wiley Handbook of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, and recipient of the STPP’s Award for Distinguished Lifetime Contributions to Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology. Much of his later career work has focused on the psychology of personhood and the psycho-biographical study of individual lives.

After publishing scholarly books throughout his career, in his retirement he has turned to writing nonfiction for a general audience. His first book of this kind was Hometown Asylum: A History and Memoir of Institutional Care, in which he tells the story of the large psychiatric hospital on the outskirts of his hometown of Ponoka, Alberta where his father was employed, his grandmother was a patient, and he worked as an institutional attendant while completing his degrees in psychology at the University of Alberta. Peter & Pierre is a dual biography of Peter Lougheed and Pierre Elliott Trudeau that draws on long-standing interests in psychobiography and political history.