Lowell’s title comes from Dryden’s “Preface to Ovid’s Epistles” (1680), his threefold distinction between metaphrase, paraphrase and imitation; the first is word-for-word, while paraphrase takes liberties, and imitation “takes only some general hints from the Original.” He cites the metaphysical poet Cowley’s odes from Pindar and Horace as imitations, changing the classical poets to “newfound methods and to compounds strange,” as Shakespeare’s sonnet 76 describes a metaphysical poet. (See my “This Critical Age” on poetic criticism in 17C poetry. Dryden changed crits to prose.)
Lowell translates fairly closely, so I would classify this book as Dryden’s “Paraphrase,” though to us, paraphrase sounds even further from the original. I don’t have Greek and German, but I do have French, Italian, Latin and Russian. I have translated a few of the poems in this book, from Leopardi’s “L’Infinito,” to Rimbaud’s “Bateau Ivre,” and Baudelaire’s “Au lecteur” — even Russian poets like Pasternak, though he was never on my shelf like Pushkin (my model for my recent book, “Parodies Lost”—see Facebook.) Baudelaire’s “Recueillement,” also, see below, after the original,
“Sois sage, ô ma Douleur, et tiens-tois plus tranquille…”
Lowell has it so, his title metaphrase, “Meditation”:
“Calm down, Sorrow, we must move with care;
You call for evening, it descends; it’s here.
The town is coffined in its atmosphere,
Bringing relief to some, to others, care.
Look, the dead years dressed
In old clothes crowd the balconies of the sky.
Regret emerges smiling from the sea,
The sick sun slumbers underneath an arch
…listen, my Dearest, hear the sweet night march!”(54*)
I have “imitated” by taking more liberties than Lowell, adapting the title to 20C America,
calling Meditation, “The Blues”:
Blues, be cool, keep quiet, you mutha,
Intruder, second-story man, you enter with dusk,
It descends. It's here, an atmosphere
Surrounds the town. Builds some up, knocks me down.
…Blues, take my hand,
Come from them, come here. Look behind me
At the defunct years, at the balconies
Of heaven; in tattered copes, rise out
Of the waters of Regret. The sun sleeps
Moribund on a buttress; and listen,
My true-blues, hear dusk's sweet steps.
Baudelaire begins “Fleurs du Mal” by addressing me, his Reader, as his Brother…Hypocrite! “Hypocrite lecteur,— mon semblable,—mon frère!” This, quite a departure from the previous century’s flattering references to Dear Reader. He complains that worse than the worst monster, poison, scorpion or snake is: Ennui. Pushkin, too complains about boredom, скучно. Did the Russians import it along with the French of their aristocracy, from their birth-culture, Marie Antoinette’s Empire France?
Bateau Ivre is now a restaurant in Berkeley, and a wine store in NYC, though anyone who has read Rimbaud’s teenage poem would be appalled to buy wine from a boat whose passengers had been massacred. (Great idea to name a wine or hardware store Sandy Hook?)
Leopardi’s “L’Infinito” recalls for me Pascal, “Le silence eternel des ces espaces infinis m’effraie” (“Pensées” 1657), but Leopardi welcomes infinite space, though his poem concludes, “questa immensità s’annega il pensier mio,” this immensity drowns my thought, happy to be drowned in “this sweet sea.” Lowell has this,
“It’s sweet to destroy my mind
And go down
And wreck in this sea where I drown.”(25)
Sometimes Lowell adapts, say Pasternak’s “По залитой зарей дороге,” “dawn-filled road” in Mephistopheles, to “sunset-watered road,” exchanging dawn for its opposite. (135) Unclear why, maybe because we don’t think of the Devil at dawn, though the Russians seem to see Luck and Bad Luck at all times of day, of week, of year, and of life.
*Pagination from the Farrar, Straus edition: NY, 1978.