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Memory, History, Forgetting

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Why do major historical events such as the Holocaust occupy the forefront of the collective consciousness, while profound moments such as the Armenian genocide, the McCarthy era, and France's role in North Africa stand distantly behind? Is it possible that history "overly remembers" some events at the expense of others? A landmark work in philosophy, Paul Ricoeur's Memory, History, Forgetting examines this reciprocal relationship between remembering and forgetting, showing how it affects both the perception of historical experience and the production of historical narrative.

Memory, History, Forgetting, like its title, is divided into three major sections. Ricoeur first takes a phenomenological approach to memory and mnemonical devices. The underlying question here is how a memory of present can be of something absent, the past. The second section addresses recent work by historians by reopening the question of the nature and truth of historical knowledge. Ricoeur explores whether historians, who can write a history of memory, can truly break with all dependence on memory, including memories that resist representation. The third and final section is a profound meditation on the necessity of forgetting as a condition for the possibility of remembering, and whether there can be something like happy forgetting in parallel to happy memory. Throughout the book there are careful and close readings of the texts of Aristotle and Plato, of Descartes and Kant, and of Halbwachs and Pierre Nora.

A momentous achievement in the career of one of the most significant philosophers of our age, Memory, History, Forgetting provides the crucial link between Ricoeur's Time and Narrative and Oneself as Another and his recent reflections on ethics and the problems of responsibility and representation.

“His success in revealing the internal relations between recalling and forgetting, and how this dynamic becomes problematic in light of events once present but now past, will inspire academic dialogue and response but also holds great appeal to educated general readers in search of both method for and insight from considering the ethical ramifications of modern events. . . . It is indeed a master work, not only in Ricoeur’s own vita but also in contemporary European philosophy.”—Library Journal 

“Ricoeur writes the best kind of philosophy—critical, economical, and clear.”— New York Times Book Review

624 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 2000

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About the author

Paul Ricœur

309 books455 followers
Paul Ricoeur (1913–2005) is widely recognized as one of the most distinguished philosophers of the twentieth century. In the course of his long career he wrote on a broad range of issues. His books include a multi-volume project on the philosophy of the will: Freedom and Nature: The Voluntary and the Involuntary (1950, Eng. tr. 1966), Fallible Man (1960, Eng. tr. 1967), and The Symbolism of Evil (1960, Eng. tr. 1970); a major study of Freud: Freud and Philosophy: An Essay on Interpretation (1965, Eng. tr. 1970); The Rule of Metaphor (1975, Eng. tr. 1977); Interpretation Theory: Discourse and the Surplus of Meaning (1976); the three-volume Time and Narrative (1983-85, Eng. tr. 1984–88); Lectures on Ideology and Utopia (1986); the published version of his Gifford lectures: Oneself as Another (1990, Eng. tr. 1992); Memory, History, Forgetting (2000, Eng. tr. 2004); and The Course of Recognition (2004, Eng. tr. 2005). In addition to his books, Ricoeur published more than 500 essays, many of which appear in collections in English: History and Truth (1955, Eng. tr. 1965); Husserl: An Analysis of His Phenomenology (1967); The Conflict of Interpretations: Essays in Hermeneutics (1969, Eng. tr. 1974); Political and Social Essays (1974); Essays on Biblical Interpretation (1980); Hermeneutics and the Human Sciences (1981); From Text to Action (1986, Eng. tr. 1991); Figuring the Sacred: Religion, Narrative, and Imagination (1995); The Just (1995, Eng. tr. 2000); On Translation (2004, Eng. tr. 2004); and Reflections on the Just (2001, Eng. tr. 2007).

The major theme that unites his writings is that of a philosophical anthropology. This anthropology, which Ricoeur came to call an anthropology of the “capable human being,” aims to give an account of the fundamental capabilities and vulnerabilities that human beings display in the activities that make up their lives. Though the accent is always on the possibility of understanding the self as an agent responsible for its actions, Ricoeur consistently rejects any claim that the self is immediately transparent to itself or fully master of itself. Self-knowledge only comes through our relation to the world and our life with and among others in that world.

In the course of developing his anthropology, Ricoeur made a major methodological shift. His writings prior to 1960 were in the tradition of existential phenomenology. But during the 1960s Ricoeur concluded that properly to study human reality he had to combine phenomenological description with hermeneutic interpretation. For this hermeneutic phenomenology, whatever is intelligible is accessible to us in and through language and all deployments of language call for interpretation. Accordingly, “there is no self-understanding that is not mediated by signs, symbols, and texts; in the final analysis self-understanding coincides with the interpretation given to these mediating terms” (Oneself as Another, 15, translation corrected). This hermeneutic or linguistic turn did not require him to disavow the basic results of his earlier investigations. It did, however, lead him not only to revisit them but also to see more clearly their implications.

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Profile Image for Jonathan.
1,009 reviews1,229 followers
January 4, 2021
Much more readable than I expected, particularly as we are dealing with phenomenological approaches to time, and very clearly structured and argued. Lots of end-notes, so the text itself is actually much shorter than the number of pages suggests.

I agree with his fundamental concerns about the "unsettling spectacle offered by an excess of memory here, and an excess of forgetting elsewhere, to say nothing of the influence of commemorations and abuses of memory – and of forgetting" , though his slightly Christian attitude to "forgiveness" is not necessarily something I would agree with – some things cannot and should not be forgiven.

His critique of Heidegger's emphasis on the future-facing nature of Dasein (i.e care/anxiety etc) is correct, I think – the weight of the past bears constantly on Being. Care is not simply concentrated on being-toward-death, but has a narrative configuration – Care is orientated towards the various narratives of a self as a whole. It is also embodied in the body, in the flesh, which cannot but be historical – the past is made present in the ache in my knee when I sit down.

I agree too with his view on "collective memory" – that it exists only in the individual, but is shaped by the relationship with others – it is something which enacts and re-enacts the networks of relationships which make up a community. Identity is a narrative construct, constantly being re-narrated, and its plot, as well as its tropes, come from the being embodied in a community. My memory is uniquely mine, of course, but it is riven with norms of remembrance, with cultural tradition, which are collectively held and always-already there.

He has also made me really want to read Husserl's fifth Cartesian meditation.
Profile Image for David M.
477 reviews376 followers
July 25, 2015
Alright, this was my twelfth book by Paul Ricoeur this year, and now I'm seriously going to take a break...

I find philosophy can be incredibly seductive. Fiction really falls by the wayside. I mean, why should I care about this little domestic snafu somewhere when I have the chance to stalk being itself?? So I tend to binge, and then it starts to feel like my brain's bleeding, and I wonder if I've really learned anything at all... But then, months or even years later, I'll notice that I'm thinking about things differently than I did before. Subtle marks of progress along the road. You can't really DO philosophy while you're reading it; you have to let it settle.

(By doing philosophy, I just mean thinking.)

In an interview somewhere Hubert Dreyfus said that his dyslexia was actually helpful to him when studying philosophy. Because to really read a book like Being and Time you have to slow down and spend hours on just a few pages. While other students found this extremely difficult, for him slow was the natural setting.

Interesting, interesting. I'm afraid I find it impossible to read books slowly, even really dense books. I'd rather read two different books on the same subject than read one slowly. No doubt this has made my philosophical education haphazard and impressionistic.

Anyway, in my judgment Ricoeur's best books are the Symbolism of Evil, the Conflict of Interpretations, and Freud and Philosophy. Memory, History, Forgetting is not quite in that stratosphere, methinks. Some of his later pedantic tendencies are unfortunately on display.

Still, in many ways it's a deeply personal and beautiful book. His last major testament, written when he was in his nineties. This makes his quarrel with Heidegger's being-towards-death rather poignant. In the face of death, and having already lost the woman with whom he lived for over sixty years (the book is dedicated to the memory of Simone Ricoeur), he insists that the true subject of philosophy is life.

Profile Image for أحمد شاكر.
Author 5 books660 followers
December 2, 2015
هذا كتاب ضخم. كتاب غير عادي. أربعة أقسام، ليس كما يشير العنوان: الذاكرة، التاريخ، النسيان، الغفران. أصعبها وأطولها وأكثرها تعقيدا الجزء المتعلق بالتاريخ، وأجملها وأكثرها قربا للحياة والواقع الجزء المتعلق بالنسيان والغفران.
طبعا، كان صعبا علي فهم بول ريكور، أو فهم الكتاب، فهما جيدا، لكنها كانت محاولة قراءة..
Profile Image for Andrew.
2,258 reviews929 followers
Read
February 9, 2009
Phenomenology is often very hard to read, and Ricoeur is no exception. But despite that, all of Ricoeur's observations seem wise and measured. This is dense, not because of obscurantist writing techniques, but because Ricoeur simply has a lot to say. Even when I disagree with him (especially some of his ideas about the historiographic process), I found myself respecting his arguments enough to continue onwards. I wish I had a greater grounding in Norbert Elias, Erving Goffman, and a few other people so I could better comprehend is references, but I still found it to be a pretty darn good intellectual wrestling match.
Profile Image for Owlseyes .
1,805 reviews303 followers
March 4, 2024

Total Recall


(That which you see in the picture never happened; in fact, the picture is an AI creation; it's not a photograph)

This is a stupendous analysis of the concept of memory in its different acceptions. Thus, some contexts ahead where Ricoeur treads on.

(1) The philosophical one, starting with Plato's idea of memory as a representation of "something absent". Also Aristotle's view that "all memory is of the past". [These conceptions, however, can be easily challenged, I argue]. Ricoeur here introduces an interesting concept calling the attention for the role of imagination. Later on, in the text, he claims imagination can take the place of memory.

(2) In psychoanalysis, memories may be "blocked"; therapy implies a work of transference analysis and interpretation. There's also the "compulsion to repeat" (namely in subjects who experienced trauma).

(3) Mnemotechnic as a means to better retrieve/recollect the past (interesting analysis of the work of Giordano Bruno).

The book started out from worries Ricoeur experienced in several domains. In the public domain, namely, he framed the question this way: why there's excess of memory about some subjects, and excess of forgetting in other subjects. Media manipulation, I wondered. Political manipulation as well.

"The most effective way to destroy people is to deny and obliterate their own understanding of their history."
- George Orwell

Of course the article of Ricoeur is dated. In our days it is possible to conceive memory in other (dangerous at times) ways. Namely, when scientists speak of (and experiment on) "false memories", or "memory implants". Therefore, how reliable and accurate is memory? Thus, ultimately, how reliable and accurate is History?
Profile Image for Younes Mowafak.
221 reviews2 followers
February 21, 2024
الكتاب يتناول موضوع الذاكرة وما يتعلق بها في ميادين كتابة أحداث الماضي (= أي التاريخ)، والجانب الفلسفي واللغوي في التعامل مع عمل الذاكرة. لا أستطيع أن أقول بأنني فهمت جميع ما ورد في الكتاب، بل لا أجرؤ على القول أنني فهمت نصفه. أرى أن ما يسعى إليه عمل ريكور هو "الذاكرة السعيدة"، وهي بالضرورة تشمل "النسيان السعيد". وبهذه الرؤية الريكورية، نصل إلى مصالحة تلك التيارات التي تناولت الذاكرة، وبالتعاون معها، تفتح لنا الآفاق لمستقبل واسع، وهو الذي عانى من ضيق الأفق الفرنسي في سنوات تدريسه في الجامعة نتيجة صراع البنيوية والوجودية في الفلسفة الفرنسية آنذاك، خاصة بعد ثورة 1968. وتم التعامل معه على أنه "منتمٍ" لتيار الوجودية. ولا ننسى أن ريكور عاش طوال القرن السابق بكل ما حمله هذا العصر من أحلام وكوابيس، ولدي اعتقاد أنه، نتيجة لأحداث عصره وحياته الخاصة، دفعته هذه الظروف ليكتب أعماله في محاولة ل"رسم طريق" لنا أو "إلقاء طوق نجاة" من أجل الجيل اللاحق، واستخدام كل قواه وتجاربه لذلك. وهو يستحضر تراثه الغربي (= محيطه ومجال عمله الأكاديمي)، الذي امتد في بحثه من عصر اليونان حتى ما بعد الحداثة، من أجل تعميق قيم الخلاص والصفح البشري، وحل العديد من المسائل المتنوعة في ميدان التاريخ والذاكرة. أعتبر أن أهمية الكتاب وصعوبته تأتي من موضوعه - في الذاكرة - وهي أساس غالبية العلوم الاجتماعية والإنسانية. وفي النهاية، أضيف أن ما يقتبسه ريكور من قراءاته وما يضيفه من تعليقات وشروح، لا أعتقد أننا سنراها بنفس الجودة والدقة في مؤلفات الآخرين.
Profile Image for Nalanda.
39 reviews14 followers
November 7, 2019
ที่จริงจดประเด็นเล่มนี้ไว้ยิบย่อยมาก แต่ Goodreads จำกัดความยาว เลยต้องรีวิวคร่าวๆ แค่นี้
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เรามีความทรงจำมากมาย ความทรงจำคืนวาน ทรงจำของการใช้เวลากับใครคนหนึ่ง ความทรงจำวัยเด็ก ทรงจำของทักษะที่ฝึกฝน นิยามความทรงจำอันคลาสสิกเสมอมา ก็ปรากฏในงาน Prava Naturalia ของหมวดที่พูดถึงความทรงจำเช่นกัน คืออริสโตเติ้ลนิยามว่า “ความทรงจำเป็นอดีตที่ผ่านมา” ความทรงจำหาใช่เพียงสิ่งต่างต่าง สถานที่ ผู้คน และเหตุการณ์ ความทรงจำอันมีอยู่ของเรายังตั้งอยู่ในกรอบของเวลา เราพูดถึงการณ์ปรากฏผ่านมาด้วยลำดับอันเจาะจง สิ่งนี้ก่อนหน้า สิ่งนั้นลำดับต่อมา อีกทั้งคำถามเรื่องความทรงจำยังหลีกไม่พ้นประเด็นทางภววิทยา คือคำถามว่า แล้วความทรงจำนั้นเป็นความทรงจำของอะไร และเป็นความทรงจำของใคร คำถามว่า “อะไร” ของความทรงจำมีความแตกต่างระหว่าง (1) ‘สิ่งนั้น’ ที่เราจดจำได้ (2) และความทรงจำของเราต่อสิ่งนั้น ปัญหานี้นำเรามาสู่เรื่อง ‘การปรากฏเป็นภาพแทนของสิ่งนั้นที่ไม่ปรากฏ’ กล่าวคือ (1) สิ่งที่เราจดจำมันผ่านไปแล้ว (2) สิ่งที่เรามีคือความทรงจำของสิ่งนั้น วัตถุอันนั้นที่เราจดจำ กับความทรงจำของเราต่อวัตถุ (ภาพแทน) หาใช่สิ่งเดียวกัน
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คนตายไปแล้วไม่อาจปรากฏอีกต่อไป หากแต่ปรากฏอยู่ในความทรงจำของเรา
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ความทรงจำโดยตัวมันเองเป็นภาพแทนของสิ่งอื่น
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แหละปัญหา ‘การปรากฏเป็นภาพแทนของสิ่งที่ไม่ปรากฏ’ ยังเป็นสิ่งพัวพันกับเรื่อง ความทรงจำและจินตนาการ ด้วยความทรงจำของเราคือภาพแทนของสิ่งที่ไม่ปรากฏ อันเป็นสิ่งที่แสดงออกมาเป็น ‘ภาพ-image’ และมันหาใช่เป็นสิ่งนั้นจริงแท้ หากเป็นภาพซึ่งจิตของเราสร้าง ดังนั้น เราแยกความทรงจำออกจากจินตนาการอย่างไร
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อะไรคือเครื่องยืนยันว่าความทรงจำหาใช่การจินตนาการทึกทักเอาเองในจิตของเรา
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จินตนาการหาใช่ใดอื่นนอกจากภาพที่สร้างด้วยจิต ด้วยความคิด เราอาจเสนอว่าความทรงจำมันผูกพันกับ ‘โลกประสบการณ์’ ส่วนจินตนาการเป็น ‘โลกแฟนตาซี’ แต่เพียงนั้นยังไม่อาจอบปัญหาได้ เพราะจะเกิดคำถามย้อนกลับอีกว่า ถ้าภาพ (Image)/ภาพแทน (representation) เป็นทั้งหมดที่เรามี สรุปแล้วภาพนั้นเป็นภาพของโลกประสบการณ์ หรือเป็นภาพของโลกจินตนาการกันแน่ เราแยกอย่างไร มาถึงตรงนี้จึงเป็นการหลีกเลี่ยงไม่ได้ หลีกเลี่ยงไม่ได้ต่อคำถามการจัดเกณฑ์ว่าภาพอ้างอิงนั้นเป็นสิ่งที่จริง หรือสิ่งที่จินตนาการ ซึ่ง ‘ความจริง’ นั่นเองเป็นเกณฑ์ที่เราแยกความทรงจำและจินตนาการออกจากกัน
ถ้าละเลียดตามข้อเสนอนี้ ความทรงจำคือการค้นหาความจริงใช่หรือไม่
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เรามีความทรงจำ ในอีกความหมายคือเรามีความสามารถจะจดจำและหวนจำ ความทรงจำคือความสามารถในการอ้างอิงถึงอดีตและสิ่งผ่านมา กระนั้นความทรงจำก็ยังถูกชำเราด้วยเหตุต่างต่าง ทั้งทรงจำอันถูกปิดกั้นเนื่องด้วยบาดแผลที่ผ่านมา ทั้งความทรงจำที่ถูกจัดวางด้วยเหตุของความคิดและอุดมการณ์ ทั้งความทรงจำที่ถูกควบคุมด้วยการท่องจำประวัติศาสตร์จากทางการซึ่งเขียนเอาไว้ ดังนั้น ‘ความจริงของความทรงจำ’ สามารถถูกเจือปนจากการผูกพันระหว่างความทรงจำและจินตนาการ และการชำเราความทรงจำด้วยรูปแบบต่างต่างดังกล่าวมาเช่นนั้นเอง
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ความทรงจำมีคุณค่าหากบอบบาง ความทรงจำเป็นเครื่องมือในการเชื่อมต่ออดีต และความทรงจำเป็นสิ่งจำเป็นในความสัมพันธ์กับประเด็นทางประวัติศาสตร์ เพื่อที่จะเข้าใจความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างความทรงจำและประวัติศาสตร์ เราอาจแบ่งการศึกษาประวัติศาสตร์ออกเป็นสามช่วง (1) อย่างแรกคือช่วงของข้อมูล เอกสาร หลักฐาน (2) คือช่วงของการอธิบายและการทำความเข้าใจ (3) และสามคือช่วงนำเสนอภาพแทน
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ในช่วงของข้อมูลคือการจัดตั้งคลังหมายเหตุข้อมูลขึ้นมา โดยอิงจากการยืนยันของประจักษ์พยาน เราต้องการการรวบรวมหมายเหตุข้อมูลขึ้นมาก็เพื่อการพิสูจน์หลักฐาน และการสร้างข้อเสนอของเราและประวัติศาสตร์ของเราผ่านฐานการให้การของประจักษ์พยาน
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ช่วงของการอธิบายและทำความเข้าใจ คือการผสานคำถามว่า ‘ทำไม’ และการอธิบาย ‘เพราะว่า’ เข้าด้วยกัน ทำไมสิ่งนั้นจึงเกิดขึ้นแบบนี้ ไม่ใช่แบบอื่น
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ช่วงของการนำเสนอภาพแทน คือเรื่องของการเขียนหรือการนิพนธ์สู่ผู้อ่าน หรือผู้รับรู้ประวัติศาสตร์นั่นเอง
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ไม่มีใครพิจารณาหมายเหตุหลักฐานโดยแยกอิสระออกจากการอธิบายและการสันนิษฐานเพื่อความเข้าใจ และไม่มีใครที่รับรองการอธิบายลำดับเหตุการณ์โดยปราศจากการแสดงออกในบางรูปแบบของเรื่องเล่า โวหาร และวรรณศิลป์
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ความทรงจำไม่ใช่การเสนอสิ่งที่ผ่านมา แต่เป็นการนำเสนอภาพแทนของสิ่งที่ผ่านมา กระนั้น เราไม่อาจใช้ความหมายเดียวกันนิยามประวัติศาสตร์ เรามีวิธีเข้าถึงและเข้าใจหมายเหตุหลักฐานเหล่านั้นผ่านการสันนิษฐาน ที่ซึ่งประวัติศาสตร์หาใช่การรื้อสร้างอดีต หากเป็นการสร้างทุกอย่างขึ้นใหม่ มันอาจมีรูปทรงและมีอิทธิพลจากอดีต แต่อดีตนั้นไม่เคยกำหนดประวัติศาสตร์ อดีตคือสิ่งที่ผ่านมา แต่ไม่ใช่ในความหมายเดียวกันกับประวัติศาสตร์
เพราะประวัติศาสตร์โดยตัวมันเองไม่ใช่โครงการที่มีวันสิ้นสุด
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3
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อะไรคือสิ่งที่เราเห็น เรายืนอยู่ตรงไหนเมื่อเราเห็นมัน อะไรที่เรามุ่งเน้นในโมงยามของการหวนจำ แล้วอะไรคือสิ่งที่เราพลาดจะมองเห็น ตรงไหนที่เราพลาดจะยืนอยู่เมื่อเห็นมัน อะไรที่เราพลาดตอนมุ่งเน้นในโมงยามของการหวนจำ
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อะไรคือสิ่งที่เราลืม
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ถ้ามีประวัติศาสตร์ทางการในการสร้างความทรงจำ ด้านกลับของมันก็คือการสร้างความลืมในสิ่งต้องห้ามที่จะจดจำ การครอบงำความทรงจำที่ปรากฏในช่วงเวลาของเรา และตัดการเชื่อมต่อเราออกจากหน้าที่ที่ต้องจดจำในบางเหตุการณ์ เมื่อเราสร้างสถานที่แห่งการรำลึกและอนุสรณ์ความทรงจำ เราพึงพอใจกับตัวเราเองต่อหน้าที่ที่จะต้องจดจำ และก้าวเดินต่อไปในชีวิต เมื่อเราถามตัวเองด้วยคำถามเรื่องการลืมในฐานะการรำลึกถึงเหตุการณ์ต่างต่าง เรายอมรับว่าความลืมนั้นเป็นสัญลักษณ์ของความเปราะบาง อ่อนแอ ช่องโหว่ทางเงื่อนไขประวัติศาสตร์ ด้วยความสามารถในการจดจำเช่นเดียวกันคือความไม่สามารถในการจดจำ การจดจำทุกอย่าง ขณะเดียวกันก็จำเป็นต้องลืมหลายอย่าง การจดจำวารเวลาของเรากับใครคนหนึ่ง ขณะเดียวกันคือการเลือกลืมในอีกหลายสิ่งแห่งโมงยามเหล่านั้น ความลืมที่ก่อกวนความทรงจำ เน้นย้ำเราสู่การแวะเยือนตรวจตราประวัติศาสตร์ที่ถูกเขียนเอาไว้ เพราะประวัติศาสตร์เป็นประวัติศาสตร์ที่ถูกสร้างเสมอ เราเป็นสัตว์ประวัติศาสตร์ (Historical being) ซึ่งนั่นทำให้อดีตยังคงอยู่แม้จะไม่ยืนเด่นในความทรงจำ ความทรงจำและการลืมนั้นยังเป็นตัวคอยรับใช้แนวคิดทางการเมือง อีกทั้งความทรงจำกับความลืมยังเกี่ยวข้องกับการให้อภัย ที่จะช่วยเยียวยาการกระทำที่ผ่านมาของใครคนหนึ่งให้สามารถเริ่มต้นใหม่ได้ และความทรงจำกับความลืมยังเป็นพันธะต่อการแสวงหาความยุติธรรมต่อผู้คนที่ไม่ปรากฏอีกต่อไป เรามองเห็นสิ่งใด เราเลือกว่าสิ่งใดที่ไม่มุ่งเน้นในโมงยามของการหวนจำ
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การครอบงำหรือการรับรู้พื้นที่อื่น
Profile Image for Joel Smith.
63 reviews2 followers
November 10, 2022
Despite being published in the beginning of the twenty-first century, I would consider Ricoeur's Memory, History, Forgetting as a twentieth century book (An "essay," as Ricoeur calls it). The question behind this book isn't so much written in the work. Ricoeur is interested in the collective horrified entrancement on the Holocaust. Memory, History, Forgetting is not bound by this question but is inspired by it.

Fundamentally, this book is a complex work of philosophy of history working from the epistemological traditions of hermeneutics and phenomenology. This work is divided into three sections, Memory, History, and Forgetting, and ending on a fifty page epilogue on Forgiveness.

I had almost no background to either phenomenology, hermeneutics, existentialist metaphysics, or post-modernism before I read this book. I had to read this for my third year undergrad class on the philosophy of history and I do not recommend it for someone who has no background on the aforementioned topics. I constantly made diagrams and read stanford.edu articles to understand Ricoeur and muddle on through. Ricoeur cites Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, Immanuel Kant, R. G. Collingwood, Marc Bloch, Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre, Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, and many more in his work. Ricoeur makes it clear in his preface that he is not interested in using each of these philosophers in their contexts but using them insofar as it says something true about his construction on philosophy of history. I was not completely lost in Ricoeur because I have a fairly strong background on Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, Kant, and Collingwood, but I would have much preferred having a background on postmodern thought, particularly the thought of Derrida, Foucault, and Sartre, and the annales school of thought.

Because of this, my review is more of a "muddling-through" rather than a well thought out analytical review. Ricoeur's first section on Memory is largely based on Plato, Aristotle, and Augustine (with some Kant). It is understandable if you have a good background in it. However, I still had difficulty with it. It's not that Ricoeur's writing is not structured in well thought out sections, but that his writing can be etheric and self-coherent (it doesn't easily cohere to one's thought but to itself).

His section on memory explores the different ways in how one remembers (i.e., how one has sudden remembrances of something, how a person has impressions from the past, and what memory is in the first place). Ricoeur does not go into neuroscience or cognitive psychology but stays on the philosophical side of things (i.e. what does it mean? and what does it do? Not how, precisely does it function). In the section of memory, he moves from the individual to the collective in memory and testimony.

His section on history deals with how one gains reliable testimony and archives it, how the archives are written into explanation/understanding, and how narrative is written based on the explanation/understanding. He wants narrative to be an accurate representation of the archive of history. He believes narrative should come after the information and explanation has occurred. Ricoeur also asks the question of whether the historian should also be the judge of history. He answers that the historian should only be the recorder and inquirer of history, not the moral judge.

Ricoeur believes the common citizen should be the judge of history. He provides a reason for this in the epilogue based on post-apartheid South Africa. There was a famous Truth and Reconciliation Commission that did an inquiry into the awfulness of apartheid South Africa. The government, academics, and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission came to an agreement but the citizens would not accept it. The collective pride and guilt for a nation may be able to be wielded by the ruler, but it is at the level of individual and collective memory that the guilt and pride of a group, nation, or peoples is felt.

Forgetting has to do with the problem that memory, both individual, and collective, naturally entropies without upkeep. While we can say something positive about memory such as, "I remember!" It can be difficult to attribute value to forgetting. One can say, "I forget..." but it's not as though one knows what they have forgotten or whether it was a right thing to remember or forget it in the first place.

The section on forgiveness if very interesting. It is probably his most readable section. He takes Derrida's point that if forgiveness cannot forgive all, it doesn't exist. The assumption throughout this book is that our human "whatness," and therefore our responsibility to it, is greater than our specific groups. We have bigger problems as participants of humanity than we do with each other. It is in this section that Ricoeur's Protestantism shines through most. He often cites the New Testament when talking about forgiveness and he introduces the idea of love. Love is the power behind forgiveness and it must conquer all in order to exist.

My culminative analysis of this book is that Ricoeur strikes me as an engineer who is trying to construct the most experientially and reality-based system. He is constructing a well-oiled method within the framework of worldview (not a worldview, but worldview generally speaking). Ironically, the language (I do not blame the translaters, French compared to other languages, is not that different from English) coheres within itself rather than to the way people actually acquire and use information. This book could be more understandable and I'm quite partial to the Analytic/Socratic method (question & answer, question & answer). However, I think this book is distinctly anti-ideological (as opposed to many of his post-modern contemporaries) and it actually gives an excellent understanding and system for writing and understanding history. I tend to like to use common sense principles where Ricoeur doesn't, but it doesn't seem that Ricoeur comes to any conclusions contrary to them. I can incorporate most of this work into my more Medieval Realist approach to epistemology and metaphysics.
Profile Image for Adam.
194 reviews5 followers
March 7, 2022
At first I was really excited about this book. I read the blurb on the back and was intrigued by the premise: why do we remember some historical events very well but not others? Unfortunately, I never got to find out. Around page 200 I set the book down and begrudgingly stopped reading. No matter how slow I took the book, no matter how much effort I put into attempting to learn, the book remained impenetrable to me. I could not decipher Paul's sentences, and the sentences did not seem to logically build upon each other. I don't think an editor would have helped either, Paul's writing style was unsuited for me. Perhaps this is because the book was self-indulgently scholarly, with many names being dropped, much philosophical jargon, and virtually no attempt to reach a lay reader.

I had to stop reading because I felt what was the point in struggling so hard to understand this if I was going to forget it all soon enough anyway? This book suffered from having too many facts jammed in. When this happens it's difficult for the reader to keep everything in working memory to make sense of what's they are reading as they make progress. Okay, I'm gonna say it: Paul is a terrible writer and exemplifies what I dislike about lifelong academics in their insulated worlds. Nothing he brought up in the 200 pages I read gave me any indication he was going to discuss any of the social reasons why we tend to forget the Armenian genocide and remember the Holocaust. No discussion of the role of education, of media, of propaganda, hoaxes, or cultural opinion. You won't even find Holocaust in the index! Now, before you say, "well you're just an idiot if you can't understand Paul" I will respond by saying that I'm also reading Critique of Pure Reason by Kant and I'm understanding him just fine.

Maybe you who sees this review can read this book and profit by it, but at the end of the day, for me, I thought that even if I read the book and understood it as well as Paul, I would not be able to translate that to others if my understanding was just as dense and unforgiving as Paul's. I hated having to stop reading the book, I really wanted to learn from it, but it is better in the long run to stop reading what we clearly dislike and rebel against, and as someone who loves and adores clear writers, I could not force myself to finish this book.
Profile Image for   Luna .
265 reviews15 followers
September 29, 2021
I don't know why, but I seem incapable of understanding Ricoeur. I am not sure why. Ironic considering that he writes extensively about hermeneutics, but somehow, I fail to connect the dots he tries to connect, specifically in this work.
Profile Image for Bahattin Cizreli.
56 reviews8 followers
May 30, 2020
Yazar kitabın girişinde eserini önünde pek çok kaynak aynı anda açıkken yazdığını ifade ediyor. Bu ifadenin metin boyunca karşılığı sayısız kavram ve kişiye göndermede bulunması ile oluyor. Eğer Paul Ricoueur gibi bir düşünürü anlayacak ciddi okumalarınız yoksa metni takip etmek zor oluyor. Çünkü Ricoueur göndermede bulunduğu her kavram ve isimlerin görüşlerine yönelik açıklamalar da bulunmuyor. Tüm okuma boyunca kendimi "acaba bu kitabı okumaya devam etmeli miyim?" sorusunu kendime sorarken buldum. Özetle zor, çok zor bir metin.
Ben kolektif bellek kavramına dair yazarın kritiğine ulaşmak için kitabı okudum. Fakat bireysel belleğe dair çok esaslı bir bölüm, hafızaya dair fenomenolojik, tarihe yönelik epistemolojik ve ontolojik bir sorgulamayla karşı karşıya kaldım. Felsefe konusunda sınırlı bilgisi olan, Hristiyan ilahiyatını bilmeyen ve psikolojiyle mesafeli benim gibilerin kimselerin asla okumamasını tavsiye ettiğim bir kitap. Bu türden kitaplar entelektüeller arasında bir mücadele sahası oluyor. Bu mücadeleye dahil olmak için oyun hakkında bilgi sahibi olmak gerekiyor. Bir süredir kendimi bir kitap karşısında bu kadar yorgun hissetmemiştim.
Profile Image for عبدالله .
191 reviews48 followers
March 12, 2020
هذا العمل الضخم يُبين كم أن ريكور قارئ خرجت فلسفته من كل هذه النصوص التي شكّلت رؤيته .
في أول فصول الكتاب الثلاثة كان ريكور جامدا بسبب إعتماده على الفينومينولوجيا الهوسرلية ما يستدعي عدم خروجه لعلوم أخرى غير الفلسفة، لكنه أصبح متوسعا لنصوص كثيرة يحلّلها (تأويليا) في فصل التاريخ حتى يتمكن القارئ حينها من وضع الإسقاطات داخل هذا العالم أو تاريخه..
سيظهر لنا في النهاية أو ماقبلها أن النسيان لم يكن نظيرا للذاكرة، يقول ريكور بأنه كان يسعى لذاكرة سعيدة ولكن لا يمكن فعلا تطبيق النسيان السعيد، ومن أجل ذلك طرح التاريخ الذي يمكن أن نعود له ومنه بتكوين جديد يصنع ذاكرة سعيدة ذلك أن النسيان عمل وليس حالة سهو .
أما في الخاتمة (الغفران) فهو الفصل الذي يضع القارئ في موضع توتر حين يسقط ذلك على حياته الفردية أو على حياة المجتمع ولطالما كان موضوع الغفران الديني أو السياسي أو غيرهما شائك أخلاقيا بإمكانه أن يعيدنا لنقد النصوص المقدسة من أجل تعاليم أخلاقية إنسانية .
إنه عمل يفتح أفاقا كثيرة وطويلة هكذا سعى بول لأن يكون عمله الأخير قبل موته عمل يُظهر مدى الطريق الذي قطعه هذا المتأمل .
Profile Image for Federico Julian.
67 reviews2 followers
October 14, 2021
Un libro excelente, que abreva en diversas tradiciones para exponer sus tesis relativas a la memoria, la historia, el olvido y finalmente al perdon. Sin duda vale mucho la pena pensar las implicaciones de las reflexiones de Ricoeur en el plano político.
Profile Image for Michelle Marvin.
106 reviews3 followers
December 12, 2016
I am so grateful that Ricoeur undertook this massive exploration of memory, history, forgetting, and forgiveness. I thoroughly enjoyed the first part, on memory, but found the second part on history much more difficult to follow. I am certain that if I were more acquainted with Husserl and Heidegger I would have been better prepared for this journey. This is the reason for the four stars - I unfortunately can't recommend the book unless you've done prior reading in Ricoeur (I came to the text having read Oneself as Another, Interpretation Theory, some readings on Narrative Identity, etc., and was glad I had read those beforehand,) or if you're otherwise super determined to make your way through this book one way or another, with the understanding that you'll glean more from this work after you come back to it armed with more Ricoeur as a foundation. He wrote this late in his life, so he makes frequent references to earlier works, thoughts, formulations, etc. All that said, the insights of course are brilliant and thought-provoking, quite wordy, dense, and abstract of course. At times he wanders off but you know he'll come back (the text proper in English is, after all, 506 pages!). I will return to this book again and again in my own quest to understand memory in relation to self, time, "truth," history, and forgetting.
Profile Image for Courtney.
163 reviews
November 27, 2013
It was interesting, insightful, and I enjoyed it. BUT it was as dense as a brick.
Profile Image for 5greenway.
488 reviews4 followers
January 10, 2017
Extraordinarily rich. I felt not nearly clever or well-read enough to make the most of this in one reading. Written with precision and warmth.
Profile Image for Lara Estebaranz.
46 reviews10 followers
May 3, 2024
«Nuestra relación con el relato consiste, en primer lugar, en escucharlo: nos cuentan historias antes de que seamos capaces de apropiarnos de la capacidad de contar, y a fortiori, de la de contarnos a nosotros mismos.»

Creo que a veces olvidamos la distinción que hace Husserl (al que cita Ricoeur) entre pasado reciente (parte del pasado) y el pasado recordado (más vinculado a la representación que a la presencia). ¿Cómo construir una memoria colectiva que no sea únicamente la performatividad de unas huellas o recuerdos comunes? ¿Es posible, o deseable, el intento husserliano de derivar la conciencia colectiva a partir de la individual? ¿Podemos escindir memoria e imaginación?

Creo que, como apunta Ricoeur en muchas ocasiones, la clave para sanar nuestra memoria herida estaría en establecer una dialéctica de la memoria en la que prevalece la relación con el futuro en lugar de con el pasado.

La memoria entendida como rememoración consistiría en un reconocimiento de las huellas, una dialéctica entre memoria e imaginación donde “recordamos el tiempo que ha pasado entre lo aprendido y el recuerdo”. Al recordar, por tanto, no solo tendríamos en cuenta el antes (próteron) y el después, sino también al propio tiempo (chróno), de un dinamismo que convierte el recuerdo en algo vivo. Como dijo Aristóteles, “la memoria es del tiempo”. De esta manera, el punto crítico residiría no en aquello que se recuerda, sino nuestra manera de referirnos y relacionarnos con el tiempo pasado.

Me ha encantado la manera en que Ricoeur vincula la memoria y el duelo. También cómo hablar de la capitalización de los usos de la memoria, criticando la “noción de trabajo ” que aplicamos al recuerdo, que no solo es una necesidad, sino también una estrategia en aquellas ocasiones en que se apela a seleccionar el recuerdo para construir una memoria.
Profile Image for Guilherme Smee.
Author 27 books189 followers
June 29, 2018
Comecei a ler este livro há mais de um ano por ser uma das leituras mais indicadas do nosso PPG em Memória Social e Bens Culturais. Foi sorte minha encontrar ele na livraria da universidade com apenas um rasgo na capa, porque após isso descobri que esta obra havia esgotado. Como a minha leitura do livro veio e foi ao longo desse mais de um ano, fica difícil estabelecer um resumo para essa resenha. O livro é um apanhado das principais ideias de Paul Ricoeur em seus diversos livros como Tempo e Narrativa, O Si Mesmo Como Um Outro, A Teoria da Percepção, entre outros. Um texto que é considerado muito difícil, mas não o é. Ele é denso, isso sim, com imensas referências que nem todos entenderão ou compreenderão. Este é, também, um livro de mais de quinhentas páginas com letras miúdas e um entrelinha espremido, o que dificulta a insistência na leitura. Entretanto, talvez como resumo do livro ficam as palavras de Ricoeur quando ele fala nas derradeira páginas do livro de que entre a memória e a história, existe o esquecimento, e que, além dos três - memória, história e esquecimento -, está o perdão, o difícil perdão, tão inalcançável hoje em dia. O difícil perdão tão pouco praticado hoje em dia. Se torna irônico que, apesar de tudo, seja o perdão o embasamento de toda a doutrina moral da sociedade cristã ocidental. Por isso, quanto mais estudarmos a história, quanto mais nos devotarmos à memória coletiva, mais difícil será o esquecimento - seja ele proposital ou involuntário - e, portanto, mais difícil será conceder, mas principalmente ter a humildade de pedir perdão por nossa falhas, percalços, faltas, desrespeitos, preconceitos e pecados.
Profile Image for Wilhelm Weber.
169 reviews
November 17, 2020
Such are the spiritual stakes of amnesty: silencing the non-forgetting of memory. This is why the Greek politician is in need of the religious figure to uphold the will to forget the unforgettable, under the form of imprecations verging on false oaths. Lacking the religious and the poetical, we saw that the ambition of the rhetoric of glory, at the time of kings, mentioned in connection with the idea of greatness, was to impose another memory in place of that of Eris, Discord. The oath, this ritual of language – horkos conspiring with lethe – has perhaps disappeared from democratic and republican prose, but not from the city’s praise of itself, with its euphemisms, its ceremonies, its civic rituals, its commemorations. Here, that the philosopher will refrain from condemning the successive amnesties that the French Republic in particular has so often employed, but he will stress their purely utilitarian, therapeutic character. And he will listen to the voice of the unforgetting memory, excluded from the arena of power by the forgetful memory bound to the prosaic refounding of the political. At this price, the thin wall separating amnesty from amnesia can be preserved. The knowledge that the city remains “a divided city” belongs to practical wisdom and to its political exercise. The fortifying use of dissensus, the echo of the unforgetting memory of discord, contributes to this.
Profile Image for Emma.
92 reviews
Read
July 26, 2024
want to read this again when i'm not picking at it for my own dissertation-related purposes. but for now I appreciate how ricoeur's hermeneutical phenomenology (which is basically the philosophical equivalent of 'you think you just fell out of a coconut tree?') enables him to meaningful speciate testimony in contrast to other forms of evidence and better integrate normative/ethical dimensions to what had hitherto-been a primarily (and exclusively) epistemological debate. he writes, 'La spécificité du témoignage consiste en ceci que l’affirmation de réalité est inséparable de son couplace avec l’autodésignation du sujet témoignant. De ce couplage procède à la formule type du témoignage : j’y étais’', opening up a very basic idea of a narrative ownership and identity which, i think, better positions us to a) understand the role of testimony in historical memory and in political life more generally and b) perhaps in later days think more deeply about the existential impacts of rejecting testimony, deflated epistemic credibility, etc.


Profile Image for Rebeca Mejía.
82 reviews5 followers
June 16, 2018
"¿En qué medida, el libro de Ricoeur, La memoria, la historia, el olvido, aporta insumos teóricos para repensar historiográficamente nuestro presente, nuestra idea sobre la historia y la memoria?" Ricoeur menciona que los grandes fenómenos relativos al pasado son el mnemónico (memoria) y el histórico (historia), versando entre ellos el olvido. Cada uno corresponde una sección de su obra.
Una relación de diálogo la que se da entre memoria, historia y olvido. La selección de diálogo no es casual, pues es parte del método de explicación/comprensión que el autor utiliza para dar estructura a su obra, pero también para iluminar las aporías, a la manera de diálogo platónico y puntos ciegos de las problemáticas que envuelven esta intrincada relación entre memoria, la historia y el olvido, no sólo como ser en el pasado sino como ser en el tiempo.
Profile Image for Judith Rodriguez.
90 reviews7 followers
November 6, 2025
Tengo la mala costumbre de lanzarme a libros de seiscientas páginas sobre disciplinas que no controlo, y este lo leí, cómo no, para mi trabajo de fin de máster. En total habré entendido un 2 por ciento, pero qué revelación ese dos por ciento. De hecho, la conclusión del libro me pareció una de las frases mejor escritas que he leído en mi vida. Me impactó tanto que la usé como conclusión de mi TFM, para dar un poco la sensación de que había pillado algo del resto del tocho.
Es muy muy muy muy técnico, pero me ha encantado leerlo (ojalá haberlo entendido)
Profile Image for Carl.
197 reviews54 followers
Currently reading
February 27, 2010
I'm reading this as a supplement to the Cultural Memory reading I'm doing-- not sure how closely it will relate, or how much it will help with the problems of source criticism for ancient, oral religious beliefs which I am investigating, but I love Ricoeur, so I'll give it a go anyway! I suspect it would be best if I were to finish the Time and Narrative series first, but this book seems more directly relevant, so I'm going to see what I can get through for the time being. It's huge though. Not sure I'll be able to afford the time.
Profile Image for Okla Elliott.
8 reviews92 followers
September 2, 2014
About 100 pages in so far, and I'm thoroughly impressed. I'll update this review when I finish it and let you know if the next 500 pages live up to the first 100.

[Update: It took me forever, but I finally finished the book. It is very strong in many regards, but I would not suggest it to even a highly educated general readership. This one is for specialists only. I had hoped to use it for my dissertation, which has a chapter on memory studies, but it ended up not proving useful for me.]
Profile Image for Marilena.
101 reviews
April 26, 2009
Serious mnemonic study with mainly a historical perspective.

The style in which Ricoeur writes is difficult therefore it requires much attention and...rereadings.

Anyway when it comes to memory, oblivion, anamnesis, history, this is a very important book.

Hmmm...too bad I don't have it in English!!!!!
Profile Image for mahatmanto.
545 reviews38 followers
July 9, 2007
belum baca semua tapi udah ngasih rating.
biarin...
habis, emang asyik sih bagian introductionnya.
[haah? baru intro? lelet bangeet bacanya!]
biarin...
ini kotak review kok nggak cerita tentang 'what i learned from this book'seeh?
biarin...
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