Ιστορία της ελληνικής φιλοσοφίας

by Eduard Zeller, Wilhelm Nestle, Χαράλαμπος Θεοδωρίδης (Translator)

Η ελληνική φιλοσοφία έχει, όπως όλα τα δημιουργήματα της ελληνικής διάνοιας, το γνώρισμα του πηγαίου και του θεμελιακού για την ανάπτυξη ολόκληρου του δυτικοευρωπαϊκού πολιτισμού. Ποτέ ένας λαός δεν αντίκρισε την ουσία του και τους θεσμούς, τα ήθη κ’ έθιμα που ανάβλισαν απ' αυτή, με τόσο μεγάλη απροκαταληψία όση οι Έλληνες, κανένας δεν κοίταξε το γύρω κόσμο κι ολόκληρο το σύμπαν με ανοιχτότερο μάτι. Κι η απροκαταληψία αυτή, ζευγαρωμένη με μια δυνατή αίσθηση της πραγματικότητας, που της αντιστοιχούσε μια όχι λιγότερο δυνατή αφαιρετική ικανότητα, τους έκανε ικανούς να καταλάβουν πολύ νωρίς τις θρησκευτικές τους παραστάσεις αυτό που είταν: πλάσματα της καλλιτεχνικής φαντασίας, και στη θέση ενός μυθικού κόσμου να βάλουν έναν άλλο φτιαγμένο με τη δύναμη της ανεξάρτητης ανθρώπινης διανόησης, του λόγου, που είχε την απαίτηση να εξηγεί την πραγματικότητα από φυσικά αίτια.

Εισαγωγή

Πρώτη περίοδος
Η προσωκρατική φιλοσοφία
Ι. Οι Μιλήσιοι
ΙΙ. Οι Πυθαγόρειοι
ΙΙΙ. Οι Ελεάτες κι ο Ηράκλειτος
IV. Τα συμβιβαστικά συστήματα του 5ου αιώνα κ΄ οι τελευταίοι αντιπρόσωποι της προσωκρατικής φιλοσοφίας
V. Η Σοφιστική

Δεύτερη περίοδος
Η αττική φιλοσοφία : Σωκράτης κ΄ οι Σωκρατικοί. Πλάτων. Αριστοτέλης
Ι. Ο Σωκράτης
ΙΙ. Οι μικρότερες Σωκρατικές σχολές
ΙΙΙ. Ο Πλάτων κ΄ η αρχαία Ακαδημία
IV. Ο Αριστοτέλης κ΄ η Περιπατητική σχολή

Τρίτη περίοδος
Η φιλοσοφία των ελληνιστικών χρόνων
Στοά. Νεότερη κυνική φιλοσοφία. Επικουρική. Σκέψη. Εκλεκτική
Ι. Η Στωική φιλοσοφία
ΙΙ. Η νεότερη Κυνική σχολή
ΙΙΙ. Η επικουρική φιλοσοφία
IV. Η Σκέψη
V. Η Εκλεκτική

Τέταρτη περίοδος
Η φιλοσοφία των χρόνων της Ρωμαϊκής αυτοκρατορίας
Ι. Εξακολούθηση και ξαναζωντάνεμα των αρχαίων σχολών
ΙΙ. Ο Νεοπλατωνισμός

Genres: Philosophy, Nonfiction, History, Germany, Classics

411 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 1852

About the author

Eduard Zeller, German Protestant theologian and philosopher, was born in 1814 in Württemberg, Germany. He taught theology at Tubingen, Bern, and Marburg, mi grated to the faculty of philosophy as the result of disputes with the clerical party, and in 1862 became Professor of Philosophy at Heidelberg University. His philosophical thought was influenced by that of Kant and Hegel and his works include, besides his monumental Philosophic der Griechen, the Platonische Studien, Geschichte dcr Christ- lichen Kirche, Geschichte der deutschen Philosophic seit Leibniz, and Staat und Kirche. He died in 1908.

Reviews

[امیر لطیفی · Rating 5 out of 5]

اگر قصد مطالعه‌ی جدی فلسفه را دارید، مجبورید این کتاب را بخوانید. در رابطه‌ با فلسفه‌ی یونان، «ادوارد تسلر» جدی‌ترین نام است. کاپلستون و راسل، در تاریخ‌های فلسفه‌شان، بارها به تسلر ارجاع می‌دهند.

این کتاب چکیده‌ای است از کتابی بسیار بزرگ‌تر. کلیات حاضر بارها به‌روز شده و این ترجمه از روی سیزدهمین ویرایش کتاب اصلی است. ترجمه بسیار خوب به نظر می‌رسد.

[Szplug · Rating 4 out of 5]

Yep, it's crib notes abridged from his far more extensive and impressive opus Die Philosophie der Griechen in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwicklung—and I'm always soliloquizing about drinking directly from the source, in lieu of ingesting these exegetical works filtered through the inevitable personal ideologies and distortions of their respective authors; and yet Zeller just writes so goddamn limpidly and eloquently—those nineteenth century Germans were the fucking bomb in this particular area, all soberly enthused intelligence with just a whiff of that inner Teuton Geist what spoke of red-faced, handlebar mustaches on solid naked torso chasing Rhenish nymphs whilst garlanded in bratwurst and armed with tumescent Gott im Himmel! crotch Ding-an-Sich—about the originary thinkers who expounded upon their deep and reverent Love of Wisdom such as to erect solid philosophical foundations that remain standing and enduring through to this day, that I could not help but get swept-up within its storied current and carried headlong from its birthing pangs out of a mysticism and oracular vision filtered through the Ionic mind unto its final exhalations of Mediterranean-tinged Neoplatonism. Zeller is learned and lucid is the best of ways, and set in comparison to a similarly themed and sized tome—Armstrong's An Introduction to Ancient Philosophy —proved preferable, to my needs and mental configuration, in almost every way. This outline has now been continuously in print for more than 130 years, and it's easy to see why—while it's no replacement for reading the thinkers explored in their own words, as a collation to configure each in a chain of cerebral evolution, it's the perfect size and fit.

[Foroogh · Rating 5 out of 5]

من این کتاب را در کنار گوش دادن به درس‌گفتارهای دکتر محمدمهدی اردبیلی خواندم. برای هم مکمل‌های خیلی خوبی هستند هرچند فکر می‌کنم کتاب به تنهایی نیز بسیار فصیح و روشنی است و تصویر کامل و گویایی از فلسفه یونان باستان در ذهن خواننده می‌سازد. برای شروع نقطه بسیار خوبی است و صد در صد آن را توصیه می‌کنم.

[Yazdan Amini Khoei · Rating 5 out of 5]

کلیات تاریخ فلسفه یونان کتابی بی‌نهایت مناسب در زمینه آغاز فلسفه است. این کتاب بسیار ساده نگاشته شده و از مزیت‌های مهم این کتاب علاوه بر تعریف و طرز فکر فیلسوفان یونان، نشان دادن خط فکری و ریشه افکار فیلسوفان در زمینه‌های مختلف است. به طوری که تاثیر فیلسوفان و مکاتب قبلی را بر فیلسوفان و مکتب‌های بعدی را می‌توان دید. این کتاب مرجع بسیار خوبی برای تاریخ فلسفه یونان است. شرحی که بر تاریخ فلسفه می‌گذرد به نوعی صعود و سقوط فلسفه یونان نیز می‌تواند باشد.

[Mohamed · Rating 4 out of 5]

Summery of the book

1-The cosmogony of Ancient Greece

The pre-socratic philosophers began by investigating the origin of the universe from which it came to be and all the living creatures which inhabit it
the first of all the Greek philosophers at least who is known to us was Thales he believed that the first substance from which the universe and all its living creatures have originated is water
Anaximander believed the origin of the universe is what he called the "boundless"
Anaximenes a pupil of Anaximander said that the primary substance from which everything came to being is air
meanwhile the Pythagoreans held the conviction that the essence of all things is number
afterwards Heraclitus said that the true origin of all being is fire and he advocated the doctrine that every thing is in a continuous and ever-changing flux and his most famous aphorism was "one can never step twice into the same river"
According to Parmenides and in extreme opposition to Heraclitus' doctrines there is no changing or coming into being at all and the originator of the universe in his conviction is what he called "the one"
Empedocles said that the four elements i.e. water , fire , earth and air are the substances from which matter came to exist
Leucippus and Democritus known as the atomists taught the doctrine of atoms as the essence and origin of every thing in existence

[Gokhan · Rating 4 out of 5]

Kitap için, Bertnard Russell yada Umberto Eco’nun felsefenin tarihi için birkaç ciltte verdiği aynı dönem eserlerinden daha doyurucu, akademik ve detaylı yorumu yapılabilir. Eduard Zeller’in özellikle m.ö. 6. yy’dan, m.s. 4. yy’a kadarki dönem boyunca süregelen dualizm ve monizm geçişlerinde yer yer taraflı yaklaşımları olsa da, geçişlere sebep olan dönüm noktalarının detaylı bir resmini sunuyor.

Tarih boyu bitmeyen mistisizm sevdası, zamanla trend-topic haline gelen kehanetçilik, empirizmden koşar adım uzaklaşma ve eklektizm’in felsefeye katan değil ondan çalan yanlarıyla bireyciliği zayıflattığı bir dönemde yükselen monoteizmin, ön plana çıkardığı ruhban sınıfının imparatorluk sayesinde yükselişi ve “polis”’leri istilası ile, kadim filozofların Milette başladıkları o naif, samimi, beşeri aklı ve araştırmayı ortaya çıkaran yolculukta gelinen son noktayı görmek açısından eğitici ve en az o kadar da öğretici bir eser.

Mesleki yada meraktan felsefeye ilgi duyanların gözden kaçırmayacağı, kitap adı ile müsemma döneme ilişkin bilgiyi ön planda tutan bir kaynak kitap.

[Yusuf · Rating 3 out of 5]

Kitabın orijinal dilini bilmemekle beraber tercümeden kaynaklı olabileceğini düşündüğüm bir akıcılık problemi var. Takip etmesi zor olsa da içerik olarak doyurucu olduğunu söyleyebilirim.

[Danial Khalili]

۲۲۱ صفحه‌ی آخر (بخش‌های مربوط به ارسطو، دوره‌ی یونانی مآبی و دوره‌ی التقاطی رومی خوانده شد.)، خرداد ۱۴۰۲، ترم ششم، تاریخ فلسفه یونان ۲.

[Mike · Rating 5 out of 5]

Άριστη σύνοψη. Απίστευτο και εμβριθές - και για πλήρης ανάγνωση, και για παραπομπές. Βεβαίως, η πραγματική ευχαρίστηση και ουσία είναι η ενατένιση των αυθεντικών κειμένων των φιλοσόφων - η οποία συνίσταται σε όλους. Πάντως - το βιβλίο αυτό παραμένει άριστο για το σκοπό του, είναι μια άριστη σύνοψη.

[Tim · Rating 3 out of 5]

I’m not far into the book – still in the Pre-Socratics, and it goes to the end of the Roman empire – but so far it’s a very useful history and overview. I’m curious what he’ll have to say about the big three. One reason I got it is that it covers this entire scope, which is hard to find in one volume. I’m not sufficiently interested in the Hellenistic or Roman era philosophers to read entire volumes on them (at this point, anyway), so this should give me a clue and help me figure out if that’s all I want.

[Kenneth · Rating 5 out of 5]

A classic overview of Greek philosophy, from the Pre-Socratics through Plato, Aristotle, Stoicism, Epicureanism and other schools of the Hellenistic period, and all the continuations of same in the period of the Roman Empire. In the latter period, the most important development was the rise of Neoplatonism beginning with Plotinus.