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Culpa e Graça: Uma análise do sentimento de culpa e o ensino do evangelho

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"Paul Tournier fala diretamente às nossas dificuldades e experiências. 'Culpa e Graça — uma análise do sentimento de culpa e o ensino do evangelho' apresenta uma abordagem da culpa mais relevante e prática que qualquer teoria."
– Hans Hofmann, autor de "Religion and Mental Health"


Vergonha, timidez, constrangimento, remorso, consciência pesada e até modé há um elo entre esses termos e não há fronteiras bem definidas.

A culpabilidade está presente no relacionamento com os outros, nas críticas e no sentimento de inferioridade. Como lidar com a culpa inevitável que experimentamos nos relacionamentos?

Como experimentar a graça, quando estamos cercados por críticas, censuras e indiferença?

Em "Culpa e Graça", o conhecido médico psiquiatra e pensador cristão, Paul Tournier, aborda as várias dimensões da culpa, o ensino bíblico e o eficiente caminho para a cura.

Para o autor, a verdadeira culpa está ligada ao fato de não ousarmos ser nós mesmos. É o medo do julgamento dos outros que nos torna estéreis, que nos impede de produzir todos os frutos que somos chamados a "Fiquei com medo" – diz, na parábola dos talentos, o servo que escondeu o seu talento na terra (Mt 25.25).

"Culpa e Graça — uma análise do sentimento de culpa e o ensino do evangelho" é uma edição ampliada do mesmo livro publicado no Brasil pela Aliança Bíblica Universitária (ABU Editora), em 1985 e mantém a íntegra do clássico em francês Vraie ou Fausse Culpabilité.

* * *

"Paul Tournier é um homem especializado em medicina e sábio para com Deus."
– William Barclay

318 pages, Kindle Edition

First published January 1, 1962

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About the author

Paul Tournier

71 books103 followers
Paul Tournier was a Swiss physician and author who had acquired a worldwide audience for his work in pastoral counselling. His ideas had a significant impact on the spiritual and psychosocial aspects of routine patient care, and he had been called the twentieth century's most famous Christian physician.

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59 reviews50 followers
December 9, 2017
قد يحدث احياناً ان الشخص الواثق من نفسه يشل الآخر ويفرض رأيه عليه، فوفقاً لتصوراته الخاصة قد يمنع صديقه بكلمة من تحقيق تصوراته هو بدون ان يجرؤ هذا الاخير علي شرح وجهة نظره او الدفاع عنها ثم فجأه يكتشف هذا الصديق ان حياته بدلاً من ان تصبح اكثر اثماراً قد تحولت الي العقم وانه قد سمح لنفسه بأن يسيطر عليها الآخرون وذلك لأنه اطاع الناس اكثر من الله

ان التخاذل هو العملية التي بواسطتها نبدأ في التماس الاعذار بدلاً من اتخاذ الخطوات والجبناء هم الاشخاص الذين لديهم فيض من الاعذار

نحن نحتاج الي شجاعة كبيرة لكي نكون صادقين ، معترفين بأخطائنا الشخصية متحملين جميع مسئوليتنا ، مسامحين للآخرين محافظين علي التضامن الذي يربطنا بأصدقائنا حتي عندما يخدعوننا

ان المعاناه لا تعرف حدوداً اقصد المعاناه الحيه معاناة الانسان ان رسالتنا هي الرد علي معاناة الانسان بالطبع لدينا عمل فني ولا يمكننا ان نهمله بدون ان نشعر بذنب واضح ولكن جميعاً نعرف ان مهمتنا هي اوسع من هذه الحدود الضيقة

الذنب الحقيقي عند الناس يأتي من الاشياء التي يوبخهم الله عليها في قلوبهم الداخلية وهم وحدهم قادرون علي اكتشاف ما هي هذه الاشياء وهي عادة مختلفة تماماً عن الاشياء التي يوبخههم الناس عليها

الاعتماد الشخصي علي الله هو الذي يحررنا من ثقل القوانين والاحكام والقيود الاجتماعية

ان الذنب الحقيقي الوحيد هو عصيان الله او الاعتماد علي اي شئ اخر غير الاعتماد علي الله وحده

ان اي ذنب ناتج عن ايحاء من احكام الناس هو ذنب مزيف اذا لم يقابله دعم داخلي من احكام الله

لكي يحقق الانسان قدره في الطريق الذي رسمه الله له يجب عليه ان يتحدي احكام الآخرين حتي احكام والديه ومعلميه وربما السلطة الدينية

انهم يصدرون الاحكام بحمس وصدق وكل نية حسنة ويحاولون اقناع الآخرين ان احكامهم متفقة مع احكام الله وان ما يرونه انه خطأ هو خطأ في نظر الله لأنهم يجعلون انفسهم مترجمين لأفكار الله فإذا كان الذنب الحقيقي هو شعورنا بتوبيخ الله لنا فأنهم يضعون علي عاتقهم مهمة اخبارنا بما هو سبب توبيخ الله لنا وان يجعلوا انفسهم قضاة في مسائل الخير والشر

لكي يُظهر المحبه لخصمه يضطر ان يبتلع غضبه وعدوانيته فيتحول غضبه الي مرارة وتتحول محبته الي رياء

وبالتالي علينا ان نختار بين عدة اشكال من الذنب : الذنب من جهة الاصرار علي حقنا او الذنب من جهة بقائنا صامتين

اذا حكمت علي انسان بحكم ما حتي اذا كنت حريصاً ألا اقوله له وحتي اذا اخفيته في اعماق قلبي وحتي اذا كنت انا نفسي غير مدرك له بالمرة او الي حد كبير فإن هذا الحكم يجعل بيني وبينه هوة سحيقة تعوقني تماماً عن اعطائه اي مساعدة فعالة فإني من خلال حكمي عليه اجعله يغوص اكثر في اخطائه بدلاً من ان احرره منها

لكن ما اعارضه هنا هو ذلك الوهم الواسع الانتشار بأنه من الممكن مساعدة الناس بكشف اخطائهم حتي بدون ان يُطلب منا ذلك ، إننا جميعاً نقع في هذا الخطأ في أي وقت وبمنتهي حسن النية وعلي الاكثر اذا كانت لدينا مُثل أعلي او حماس اكبر في مساعدة الآخرين ، فإننا نكون مقتنعين بأننا نعمل لصالحهم بدافع حبنا لهم ، لأننا نحبهم فنحن نود ان نراهم كاملين ، اننا نتألم لعيوبهم لذلك نحن نحثهم علي تصحيحها

اي انسان يتعرض للاتهام يحدث لديه رد فعل دفاعي لتبرير الذات وفوراً تأتي الي ذهنه الاجابة علي الاتهام وتتزاحم الحجج وتملأ ذهنه غير تاركه اي مساحه للتواضع او الاعتراف بالخطأ ان في امكانه تقديم ألف سبب وجيه لتبرئة نفسه

من افجع العواقب التي يمكن ان تترتب علي النقد الذي نوجهه لأي انسان هو أن يسد امامه الطريق للتواضع والنعمة وبالتحديد فإنه يقوده الي آليات تبرير الذات وإلي التأصل في اخطائه بدلاً من التحرر منها .إن اصواتنا حينئذ تغطي علي صوت الله في داخله وبذلك نعوقه عن سماع صوت الله الذي لا يُسمع إلا في السكون . إن رد الفعل المحموم الذي تُحدثه انتقاداتنا في نفسه يسبب كماً كبيراً من الضوضاء

فنحن جميعاً لدينا تظلمات ضد الله سواء كتا مؤمنين او غير مؤمنين ، والمؤمنون غالباً يُحجمون عن صياغتها في كلمات وان كانوا يشعرون بها بشدة لإنهم قد وضعوا ثقتهم في الله ويؤمنون بقدرته

كان من الضروري ان يصمت اصدقاء ايوب حتي يستطيع ايوب ان يسمع صوت الله وان يتصالح معه كذلك نحن ايضاً يجب ان نُسكت اصواتنا ويجب ان تُبطَل احكامنا علي الشخص حتي يتمكن من سماع صوت الله والذي يكون حُكمه مختلفاً تماماً عن احكامنا

فإنك لا تستطيع ان تريح الاذهان بواسطة القواميس نحن نتعامل مع حياه والحياه هي شئ يُعاش ويُحس اكثر منها شئ يُفكر فيه

الطفل الذي يتشاجر والداه يشعر بالذنب انه يبكي سراً في فراشه وسبب البكاء ليس الحزن فقط وانما ضوضاء المشاهد ونوبات الغضب والدموع ، هذه الاشياء كلها تقع علي الطفل وكأنها اتهامات

التقصير يُنشئ شعوراً بالذنب

ان الادانه الصادره من الآخرين لها تأثير يسبب الشلل فالخوف من النقد يقتل التلقائيه ويمنع الناس من التعبير عن انفسهم ببساطة وحرية كما هم علي حقيقتهم

ان اي مفهوم جديد وأي ابتكار يتعرض للنقد من الكثيرين والاشخاص الأكثر انتقاداً هم الاشخاص الذين لا يبدعون بالمرة ولكنهم يمثلون جداراً منيعاً نخاف كلنا من الاصطدام به اكثر مما نظن كما اننا قد نؤذيانفسنا بشدة اذا اصطدمنا به فنحن اقل خوفاً من المعارضة الصريحة التي قد تكون محفزاً لنا

الخوف من التقد يُفقِر البشرية انه مصدر كل الامتثال الذي يحطم البشر ويحبسهم في قوالب لاشخصية من السلوك

تأمل مثلاً هذه الفتاه وهي الآن مخطوبة ومزدهرة مثل الوردة المتفتحة ماذا حدث معها؟ بالطبع هذه هي معجزة الحب والسعادة ولكن هناك شئ اخر قد حدث . لقد وجدت رجلاً لا ينتقدها قبل ان يحدث ذلك كانت صامتة كانت تخشي ان تفتح فمها لئلا تنكشف قلة ثقافتها من خلال تعليق ساذج أمل الآن فلقد اصبحت فجأه تستطيع ان تقول لخطيبها كل ما يدور في ذهنها فتجده يتعجب قائلاً هل تعرفين انك حقاً في منهي الذكاء هو يهتم بسماعها جداً يفهمها كل الفهم انه في منهي التواضع ويجعلها تشعر معه بالراحة التامة. من خلال معرفته هي تشعر بأنها إمرأه افضل ، لقد تمكنت من التصالح مع العالم كله كما انها بدأت تصلي من جديد ،الشئ الذي لم تفعله من زمن طويل

ان فضيلة العلاج النفسي هي فضيلة عدم الإدانة

بسبب الخوف من الإدانة يذهب أناس كثيرون اليوم الي الطبيب او المعالج النفسي بدلاً من الذهاب الي رجل الدين فإنهم يحيطون الكاهن سواء عن صواب او عن خطأ بروح الادانة التي يخافون منها أليس هو حامي الاخلاقيات الذي يجب ان يستنكر الشر ويقضي عليه اما الطبيب فهو يبدو اكثر حياديه وذلك لأنه لا يتدخل في النواحي الاخلاقية وانما يحاول فقط ان يفهم سلوك الانسان

ان الله يمحو الذنب الذي يشعر به الانسان ولكنه يُحضر الي نطاق الوعي الذنب المكبوت ، هناك ذنب يحتاج الي تسكين وذنب آخر يحتاج الي ايقاظ وشفاء
ان تقديم النعمة وحدها يعني استبعاد نصف الانجيل فالنعمة هي للمرأه التي ترتجف من ذنبها ولكن المُشتكين عليها لن يتمكنوا من اكتشاف النعمة إلا بعد ان يكتشفوا بأنفسهم رجفة الذنب ومن ناحية اخري فإن تقديم تشدد الله وحده يستبعد نصف الانجيل ،ان يسوع لا يوقظ الذنب لكي يدين الانسان وانما لكي يخلصه لأن النعمة ممنوحة للشخص الذي يتواضع ويصبح شاعراً بذنبه

إن الله يقف في صف الضعفاء والفقراء والمذلولين والخطاة الذين يعرفون انهم خطاة وهذا التبني من الله يحررهم من ازدراء النفس ومن ازدراء الآخرين لهم ان كان الله معنا فمن علينا ، ان الله هو الصخرة التي لا تنكسر والتي تنكسر عليها كل ادانة للذات وكل ادانة من الناس

عندما ينحني الطبيب متعاطفاً مع مريض وحيد ومكتئب ضحية لقسوة البشر والظروف فإنه يكون أداة لتحقيق قوة الله الشافية

فالنعمة هي للمتواضعين وليست للمغرورين الراضين عن انفسهم لذلك فإن الهزيمة والانكسار وانهيار عالم مهيب بأكمله قد يكون الطريق الوحيد الي النهضه مع كل واحد منا قد تُصبح الهزيمة بمثابة فرصة للرجوع الي النفس والالتقاء الشخصي مع الله

ليست الكنيسة ولا التحليل النفسي هما اللذان يغرسان الذنب وانما هما يُخرجانه الي دائرة الوعي وبهذه الطريقه يعملان علي تبديده

ان وطأة الذنب لا تُحتمل الي درجة ان كل انسان يبدي رد فعل التبرير الذاتي والذي يسميه علم النفس الحديث اخماد الضمير اي اخماد الذنب في اللاوعي

كم من اشياء نقولها ببراعة شديدة ولا يكون لها هدف آخر سوي تبرئة انفسنا من انتقادات قد وُجهت إلينا

فالانسان يجعل نفسه صلباً وقاسياً كي يهرب من ذنبه

اذا لم نُسقط مسئولياتنا علي زوجاتنا او والدينا او اصدقائنا او الذي يعتنون بنا فإننا نسقطها علي المجتمع وعلي النظام الاقتصادي وقد نسقطها علي الله

الشئ المؤسف هو ان مرضانا يقعون في نفس الخطأ بدون ان يلاحظوا هذا يظهر بأكثر وضوحاً في الاشخاص الذين يعانون من الاكتئاب والقلق والرفض والخزي فبدلاً من ان يستخرجوا من الكتاب المقدس التعزية الرائعة الموضوعة هنا خصيصاً لأجلهم فإنهم يميلون بطريقة مرضية للتفتيش عن النصوص التي تتكلم عن قسوة الله وغضبه ولعناته وعقوباته انهم بهذه الكريقه يعذبون انفسهم بإقتباسات كتابية ليست موجههة اليهم فيضيفون الي معاناتهم دينونات رهيبة لا تخصهم بالمرة

فليس من الحكمة ان نتكلم عن العقاب الابدي بكل تفاصيله واهواله المؤثرة مع شخص مريض تو في مؤتمر لشباب صغار لم يتعلموا شيئاً اكثر من الترنيم في الكنيسة اننا بذلك نسبب لهم اشد الضرر

ان المؤمنين الاكثر يأساً من انفسهم هم الذين يُظهرون اشد الثقة في النعمة

فالاشخاص الاكثر تشاؤماً من جهة الانسان هم الاكثر تفاؤلاً من جهة الله

اني حريص علي عدم اعتبار النجاح دليل علي الارشاد الحقيقي من الله فإن هذه نظرة طفولية للحياة المسيحية قد تم حذف الصليب منها

فالأشخاص الأكثر تشاؤماً من جهة الانسان هم الأكثر تفاؤلاً من جهة الله ، الأشخاص الاكثر قسوة مع انفسهم هم الأكثر ثقه في الغفران الالهي

ولكن قد يكون من اللازم ان نختبر خيبة الأمل هذه لكي نكتشف مدي انساع نعمة الله

ولكنهذا كله لا يزعزع إطلاقاً يقيني الهادئ من جهة الايمان بالنعمة
ان المخاطر كبيرة وقليلون هم الذين يفلتون من السقوط علي احد الجانبين، فإما ان يقعوا فرسه للقلق والتوتر بسبب السلوك بطريقه متزمته محمّلين بحمل رهيب من المحرمات والمخاوف بشأن مالا ينبغي ان يفعلوه واما ان يتطرفوا في تأكيد حريتهم والادعاء بأن يكونون اكثر صدقاً عندما يطلقون العنان لغرائزهم وشهواتهم علي الرغم من الألم الذي تتضمنه

إنه مع الاشخاص المفرطين في التدقيق يتحول الشعور بخطية واحده الي غطاء واق يحميهم من الاعتراف بخطية اخري والتي تكون غالباً اخطر واكثر خزياً من الأولي لذلك فهو في الواقع نوع من تبرئة النفس حيث يبدو ان الانسان يتهم نفسه ولكن في الحقيقه يبرر نفسه حيث انه بهذه الطريقة يتباهي بحساسة ضميره . لذلك فمن السخافه ان نقول ان الاشخاص المفرطين في التدقيق لديهم إحساس بالخطية اقوي من الاشخاص العاديين فالحقيقة هي ان احساسهم بالخطية ينقصه العمق

ومع ذلك فإننا كثيراً ما ننخدع في الاتجاه الذي يقودنا الله فيه فنفاجأ بإننا قد تصرفنا بحسب فلسفاتنا الشخصية وليس بحسب الهامه هو اما بسبب عدم الاختلاء مع الله بالقدر الكافي او لأننا اثناء الاختلاء معه كنا نستمع الي افكارنا الشخصية وليس الي افكاره هو

ان الخطأ الحقيقي هو الخطأ المستتر وهو يحتاج الي كاشف خارجي
هذا الكاشف هو كلمة الله الكلمة التي تخاطبنا من خلال الكتاب المقدس والكنيسة في اصوات الانبياء وفي كلمة وقدوة المسيح وفي رسالة الرسل واحياناً من خلال كلمة علي فم صديق او من خلال اختبار او بركة او من خلال موقف مخزي او مبهج ولكنه دائماً يؤدي الي استيقاظ الضمير والي كشف ذنب مستور

وقد كشف التحليل النفسي ان العديد من الامراض سوء الجسدية او العصبية او حتي الحوادث او الاحباطات في الحياة الاجتماعية او المهمية ما هي إلا محاولات للتكفير عن ذنب موجود بالكامل في اللاوعي انه نوع من العقاب الذي يوقعه المريض علي نفسه ويظل يتكرر بلا رحمه وبطريقة قدريه الي ما لا نهاية

إن الخلاص ليس فكرة وانما هو شخص انه يسوع نفسه الله نفسه الذي قدم نفسه في حضوره تنهار المجادلات اللانهائيه التي توقظ في داخلنا الشعور بالذنب كا المماحكات الاخلاقية وكل دفاعياتنا ضد احكام الآخرين هذه الاشياء كلها تتلاشي

وهذا يرينا مدي الاحتياج الذي لدينا جميعاً للعثور علي شئ مطلق نستطيع ان نستند عليه بصفه مطلقه شئ لا يتزعزع ويستطيع ان يتحدي كل الامور النسبيه التي تعلمها لنا الحياة من خلال آلامها الكثيرة حيث كل ثقه لها حدودها وكل أمل له مخيباته وكل صداقة لها نهايتها هذا الشئ المطلق هو الله وما يبحث عنه مرضانا عندما يضعوننا هكذا في الامتحان هو علي الاقل بعض الانعكاس لصورة الله للحب الذي يتخطي العُرف وهذا دليل علي انهم يبحثون عن الله حتي وان لم يعرفوا ذلك

بالطبع نحن جمياً نعرف اننا لسنا افضل من غيرنا مثلما يُقال دائماً ولكن هذا التعبير المبهم لا يحمل في طياته اي طابع للاعتراف وانما هو يفيدنا بالحري في التماس العذر عن ذنبنا وفي اخفائه عن اعيننا بدلاً من ان يواجهنا به فالتحدث بكلمات عامة عن عدم امانتنا او عدم محبتنا او عدم طهارتنا لا يساوي علي الاطلاق خبرة الاعتراف

انهم يتحدثون معنا عن امراضهم واعراضهم وصراعاتهم في الحقيقة هم يصفون كل شئ بوضوح ولكنهم جميعاً يتوقعون منا شيئاً اكثر من مجرد اهتمامنا الفني ليس فقط تعاطفنا او اعتنائنا الشخصي او تشجيعنا ولكنهم يتوقعون ايضاً بطريقة ما وبدون اي اقحام شعاعاً من النعمة الالهية التي تستطيع وحدها ان تمحو الذنب
Profile Image for Chad.
461 reviews76 followers
November 17, 2018
This past few weeks, I was feeling very world weary from the constant back and forth of sharp criticisms, ad hominem attacks, and gross exaggerations that is Twitter. There is very little effort to provide any nuanced approach. Then I began to notice the few accounts that were made to provide daily quotes by various authors: I first began following G. K. Chesterton, C. S. Lewis, and Henri Nouven, but I kept adding more. It was a little sad that the only voices of reason on Twitter weren't even alive! It reminded me of Chesterton's quip:

"Tradition means giving a vote to most obscure of all classes, our ancestors. It is the democracy of the dead... Tradition refuses to submit to the small and arrogant oligarchy of those who merely happen to be walking about. All democrats object to men being disqualified by the accident of birth; tradition objects to their being disqualified by the accident of death. Democracy tells us not to neglect a good man’s opinion, even if he is our groom; tradition asks us not to neglect a good man’s opinion, even if he is our father."

I decided to try my hand at it, so I looked for a few authors who I appreciate that weren't yet represented with such a daily quotes page, and I settled on Paul Tournier and Lowell Bennion. Paul Tournier is not well known today. In fact, when I tried to find ebook versions of his on Amazon, there were none. Luckily, the University of Washington library system has a few of his works in circulation that I was able to snag. I first encountered Tournier on a Christian blog. The author had cited Tournier as an example of a man who truly embodied his faith: he practiced what he preached. I wanted to read something more of this example of authenticity, so I began with his book The Meaning of Persons. Tournier had a unique perspective. As a Swiss doctor, he mixed in man examples and terminology from his field. And he was also a Freudian, but I would say this book begins to transcend some of the limits of Freud. Like Lewis, Tournier goes beyond the limits of denominational concerns, illuminating the path of a disciple of Christ.

This most recent book of Tournier's on my reading list, Guilt and Grace deals with the perhaps seeming unpleasant topic of the role of guilt. Those who become disillusioned with religion perhaps attribute part of it to an overburdening guilt. Churches are just there to blackmail you with guilt into obedience.

Tournier doesn't paint it quite so black and white. His first point is that guilt is much more universal than that; the Christian church didn't have to invent guilt, as humanity was already burdened with a heavy conscience. His second point is that religion has a two-fold purpose captured in the story of the woman caught in adultery: to relieve the guilt of the sinner, and to spark the guilt in the self-righteous:

"It is as if the presence of Christ brought about the strangest of inversions: He wipes out the guilt in the woman caught in adultery, and arouses guilt in those who felt none."

"Before Jesus there are not two opposed human categories, the guilty and the righteous; there are only the guilty-- the woman to whom Jesus speaks God's pardon, and the men who will receive it in their turn, since by their silent withdrawal they admit their own guilt."

"To offer grace only is to cut off half the Gospel. Grace is for the woman trembling in her guilt. But her accusers will be able to find grace only by rediscovering for themselves the shudder of guilt."

Tournier shares Nietzsche's criticism of moralistic Christianity: the hardening of the gospel of Christ into nothing more than lifeless taboos: this is exactly what Christ was opposed to. But he also admits the inevitability of this process in history: leaders like St. Augustine, St. Francis of Assisi, and Martin Luther all rediscovered the grace of Christ, but those who followed them quickly codified it back into moralistic blackmail.

Tournier is also clear that the grace of Christ isn't a free pass: it's the difference between the guilt of doing and the guilt of being. When Paul cried out "Oh wretched man that I am!" and when Peter said to the Lord "Depart from me, for I am a sinful man", this wasn't associated with any single deed they did. They humbled themselves, because they recognized that no man is righteous, no not one. By moving beyond moralistic religion, you assume a much larger burden of guilt, but simultaneously open up God's infinite grace. This is the central idea of the Sermon on the Mount: not a single point in it can be fulfilled in perfection. Everyone thinks angry thoughts, every judges other people, every one hates an enemy:

"The drift of the Sermon on the Mount is not that of a recipe for freedom from guilt by meritorious conduct. Just the opposite-- it is the shattering word which convicts of murder a man who has done no killing, of adultery the man who has not committed the act, of perjury one who is not foresworn, of hatred one who has boasted of his love, of hypocrisy the man who was noted for his piety."

My favorite idea of Tournier's in this book is his absolute insistence on Christ's injunction to judge not. Mormon's lighten this to "judge not unrighteously", but Tournier can't accept that. When we judge other people, we are cutting themselves off from God and putting them on a course of self-justification:

"But from the mouth of Jesus Christ Himself comes these words: 'Judge not...'. Without being fully aware of it we mentally twist this commandment, as if Jesus had said: 'Judge not unjustly.' He said 'Judge not.' He did not deny that there is a mote in my neighbor's eye, but he asks that I should first concern myself only with the beam in my own. This abdication of all spirit of judgment is extremely difficult for us, and seems like surrendering before evil."

"Because recriminations and reproach fill the world, everyone feels under constant criticism, or at any rate threatened with judgment, and he fears its repercussions. No one is indifferent to it; all are hurt by some word, by some look or some opinion contrary to their own."

"The most tragic consequence of our criticism of a man is to block his way to humiliation and grace, precisely to drive him into the mechanisms of self-justification and into his faults instead of freeing him from them. For him, our voice drowns the voice of God."

This has profound theological implications: do we hinder another's spiritual progression in our supposed attempts at "rescuing" them of reminding them of what they are doing wrong?

Once again, I admire the profundity of Tournier's model of Christian love. It leaves me feeling wanting to do better.

We Latter-Day Saints sometimes think we have a free pass on judging because the JST clarifies we are to "judge not unrighteously." In this book, Tournier takes Christ's injunction to judge not very seriously, as our judgments cut others off from God into a defensive stance of self-justification.
Profile Image for Ana  ིྀ .
24 reviews1 follower
September 8, 2025
Amazing book.
I don’t like reviewing this type of book because my experience with it may be different than with an atheist or with someone in a different journey with God as I am, but this book brought me closer to God in a way I wasn’t expecting, so I’m thankful for that.

Recommend it, a lot! Not only to Christians but everyone who had interest in understanding guilt as a whole, because the book was really focused on that.
Profile Image for Johnny.
Author 10 books144 followers
June 30, 2012

Sometimes, I find myself reading a portion of a book, gleaning something from it, extrapolating some early points because I think I know where the author is going, and putting the volume down half-read. Guilt & Grace: A Psychological Study by the famous Swiss psychologist Paul Tournier was such a book. I had read his The Meaning of Persons when working on my Master of Divinity degree and various essays (and quotations in many anthologies and other books on “pastoral care”) and found it most helpful. Twice, I had read his To Resist or To Surrender, both times finding curative counsel in his words with regard to fatigue in one case and transition in another. With Guilt & Grace, I read roughly half of it when trying to get some sense of an understanding of guilt in comparative psychological terms (both for some counseling I was doing and for some sermons I intended to preach). I recently completed the volume when I was considering the lack of “confession” in the church. On both occasions, the book was extremely relevant.

Tournier’s thesis is that everyone has guilt, even though we may see the objects of our guilt differently. For example, a Jungian concept of guilt would be guilt towards oneself while Buberian (I’ve never done this to Martin Buber’s name before, but I can’t resist) guilt would be a guilt towards others and religious guilt would be a guilt toward God. Of course, in Tournier’s approach, both guilt towards oneself and guilt towards others are equivalent toward the guilt toward God because they respectively refuse to accept oneself with the full potential God wants one to have and because the Bible spends much time on human relationships (p. 67). But Tournier doesn’t accept guilt as the end of the story, rather he perceives guilt as both a source of sickness and as a symptom that can lead to healing (He was, after all, a psychologist.).

So, to solve the problem, he starts by talking about the way humans manufacture guilt. One of the ways we do that is to look down our noses at those who are going through trouble. We have a tendency to project implicit guilt on those going through infirmity as though it is their fault (p. 19). In the church, we have a tendency to inflict guilt on others by suggesting that even experiencing temptation is problematic. Yet, Tournier reminds us that everyone is tempted by quoting Luther’s illustration that we can’t keep the birds from flying overhead, but we can keep them from nesting in our hair (p. 44).

From there, Tournier builds up to the following thesis point: “It is abundantly clear that no man lives free of guilt. Guilt is universal. But according as it is repressed or recognized, so it sets in motion one of two contradictory processes: repressed, it leads to anger, rebellion, fear and anxiety, a deadening of conscience, an increasing inability to recognize one’s faults, and a growing dominance of aggressive tendencies. But consciously recognized, it leads to repentance to the peace and security of divine pardon, and in that way to a progressive refinement of conscience and a steady weakening of aggressive impulses.” (p. 152)

The problem, according to Tournier, is that humans have a tendency to be critical. “All criticism is destructive. This is probably why we all have such fear of the judgment of men.” (p. 81) “The most tragic consequence of our criticism of a man is to block his way to humiliation and grace, precisely to drive him into the mechanisms of self-justification and into his faults instead of freeing him from them. For him, our voice drowns the voice of God. We put him beyond the reach of the divine voice which can only be heard in the silence.” (p. 82) He colorfully illustrates this destructive moral superiority with a quotation from Jean de Rougemont, “A person’s moral stature (he adds) is like the silhouette of a giraffe, lofty in front and far lower behind.” (p. 130)

In terms of “therapy,” he pounds home the point with lines like: “Nothing is more contagious than confession” (p. 85); the idea that God has no pleasure in “defeating,” but in “delivering from” evil (citing Ezekiel 33:11 on p. 147); and “Never stop patients in the middle of their confidences, even if they appear harmless. They are like the sprint the athlete throws himself into in order, at the end, to be able to make a particularly difficult jump.” (p. 203). As a result, Guilt & Grace is not only an insightful blend of Scripture and psychology, but it is practical, as well.
84 reviews41 followers
November 1, 2017
"ان كل الناس مغتربون، وفقراء، وشاعرون بالذنب، الجميع يشتاقون الي غني البيت الذي هجروه، وإلي الغفران.. فالذنب مشكله انسانيه تعبر عن المعاناه الإنسانيه.." "الهزيمة والإنكسار وانهيار عالمك الشخصي قد يكون هو الطريق الوحيد الي النهضه، مع كل واحد منا، قد تصبح الهزيمه بمثابة فرصه للرجوع الي النفس والإطمئنان بين يديّ الله" ..
من اعظم الكتب اللي قريتها حقيقي.. صحيح عمّق فيا الشعور بالذنب، بس وداني لحته تانيه في الشعور من الذنب، الحقيقي.
الكتاب عظيم جدا، وبول تورنيه حد بيفهم جدا.. على المستوي النفسي، والروحي.. او احسن، المستوي الانساني.
Profile Image for Alex Strohschein.
826 reviews153 followers
May 15, 2016
This book took a while to grow on me but I found it to be quite good in the end. Paul Tournier, an eminent physician, writes about guilt perceptively all the time informed by a solid biblical perspective. He frequently draws out examples explaining the nature of grace, shame, confession and repression using his own patients and exchanges with his wife while also discussing the Bible's insights in these same subjects. One of the key points Tournier makes is that it is only once we fully acknowledge our guilt that we are able to experience God's grace; if we repress our guilt, we cannot enjoy and experience the reality of grace. The author also discourages people from interjecting when another is being vulnerable and confessing and of honouring silences if the moment requires it. Although Tournier acknowledges that often the road to confession is long, I wish he would have written about the guilt that lingers through habitual sin as I think this is often a different and more devious animal than guilt inflicted by a stand-alone transgression. Tournier writes winsomely and humbly, often admitting his own faults, rather reminiscent of C.S. Lewis; in particular, the last chapter, "The Order of Melchizedek," reminds me of the analogy Lewis draws out of the hallways representing Christianity with each door leading off to a different, distinct denomination. Tournier is also ecumenical, though writing as a Reformed Protestant; this is witnessed in his discussion of confession and absolution. He notes that doctors, just like clergy, are dedicated to the well-being of their patients and that as such, they often may be privy to confessions. While Tournier, as a Protestant, insists the priesthood of all believers legitimates Christians' ability to grant absolution to their fellow believer, he is sensitive to the different understanding of absolution in the Roman Catholic Church and cautions Christians to not overstep their bounds in these situations. This is a book that is very practical and readable, despite being over 50 years old. I would highly recommend it to those in pastoral care.
Profile Image for Evriem.
23 reviews9 followers
July 26, 2015
كتاب ممتع و ثري وبسيط...استمتعت
Profile Image for Katherine Basto.
Author 3 books13 followers
November 7, 2022
This is an outstanding book especially if you enjoy psychology and understanding the complexities of human nature. Dr. Tournier's basic premise is that guilt is part of the human experience and is something we can't avoid. He writes of the importance of false versus true guilt, false guilt being that which is imposed from without- this false guilt could include parental messages, religious rules and beliefs, and being in a community that may scorn one's individuality.
He also stresses that many people "repress their conscience" and project their guilt onto others through judgment, condemnation and blame. Often they are the ones that protest the loudest through empty, explanations; thus they continue to defend themselves while blaming others. Even a mob or a community may impose scorn and judgment onto the "scapegoat", casting guilt onto a weaker, vulnerable person who may be different.
Tournier writes about power and grace that leads to forgiveness and honesty. We all carry guilt for different reasons, but to identify that false guilt from someone or something out there is important to one's awareness.
My favorite quote from the book is, "What is of more importance for us is the feeling of guilt which every man experiences, not for the evil he had done, but for the good he has not done."
A thought provoking book!
Profile Image for Karen.
508 reviews6 followers
September 9, 2022
This book is the written version of a talk or series of talks given at a psychiatric conference. It's not really meant to be read by or of interest to the rest of us. There are parts of it that were thought-provoking and I should probably read it again in a few years, after my brain has processed and practiced a few of the ideas that I got from it. In this reading of it, however, I had some difficulties with his theology. I understand that much of what he says is not coming from a theological perspective so much as from a psychiatric one and his discussion of terms was useful.
Profile Image for Austin Nicholson.
13 reviews2 followers
May 25, 2023
Gospel-centered, Scripture-saturated psychology & anthropology. From the unique perspective of a Swiss psychologist circa 1960 - sometimes aimed directly at his fellow counselors, but helpful for everyone in applying to their own life or in ministering to others. Slow but edifying read. Lots of practical wisdom about the universal human experience of sin and guilt and grace and repentance in Christ.
Profile Image for Silvana  dos Santos.
47 reviews
December 12, 2023
Qual o meu limite para ajudar no mundo? Não sou responsável pelo mundo inteiro, mas por um pequeno circulo imediato, se formos fies nestes limites podemos ter a consciência tranquila. Nossos pensamentos mais horríveis não é só nosso, todos sofrem com isso. Precisamos parar de justificar nossa culpa e buscar a graça de Jesus e então isso nos libertará.
Profile Image for Paul Deland.
8 reviews1 follower
July 18, 2018
Best book ever written to address similarities and differences of Grace with emotional and spiritual growth.
Profile Image for Sean.
240 reviews2 followers
October 8, 2016
Paul Tournier has done a great job in considering the issue of guilt in a more comprehensive way than it is often treated. He recognised all of us deal with the challenge of the legacy of guilt which is passed on to us by our parents. Comparisons - either with siblings or peers - tends to leave us feeling we will never completely live up to either our own or others expectations. For Tournier, grace is a natural partner of grace. Grace gives us spectacles through which we can see ourselves, others, and - particularly - God, through lenses of greater kindness than we have previously experienced. Ultimately, the cross of Christ is the basis upon which God's grace can be best understood. The essence of grace is unconditional love. God's love for us is neither based on our performance or behaviour; it is a given. However, to really know grace for ourselves involves a two-fold process. It means being honest to God about our faults and our failings and receiving the acceptance and forgiveness as well as the power of the Holy Spirit's to restore and renew us. Having received this, we are then in a position to extend God's grace to us. Knowing grace is all about receiving it for ourselves and giving it to others. I enjoyed the book. There are not many metaphors or illustrations employed in the book and the tool of argument is the primary means by which the author achieves his purpose.
Profile Image for Krista.
80 reviews
June 8, 2010
Very interesting. A Swiss doctor/psychotherapist (writing in the 1950s) thoroughly dissects the phenomenon of guilt. Starts by enumerating through examples the endless ways we are capable of experiencing guilt--legitimate or not, from internal and external sources. I have to say I found it easier to connect to the "Guilt" part than the "Grace" part. Maybe it's because guilt is human, grace is divine--and it's always a struggle attempting to understand the nature of the divine.

Quote: "We have noted the close relationship of the sense of guilt and the sense of inferiority. Now there are two inferiorities, an inferiority of doing and an inferiority of being--a quantitative inferiority, arising from mutual judgment and leading men to compare one another, and absolute inferiority, a qualitative one, a common awareness of human weakness which brings men together in a common repentance." (p. 118)
Profile Image for Ragy Nekhela.
48 reviews8 followers
August 3, 2011
I just realised - from reading that book - that in our everyday life, we face a huge amount of guilty feelings, whether they are real or fake. The author tells us about many sources of guilty feelings, theories about them, and also his own experience in his clinic.

He talks about how God's grace can heal our guilty feelings through one of the two following ways:
1. First by showing to the ones who are severely tortured with feelings of guilt that they are accepted, and there is a price that is paid for setting them free, which is the blood of Jesus Christ.
2. Second by arousing the guilty feelings in the people that have (killed) their feelings of guilt because they do nice things, they obey the Law. The bible says that they are not better than the others, and that they are in a bad need of Jesus Christ to set them free as the first ones.

I encourage everyone who's interested in psychology to read that book.

Read in 2010.
Profile Image for Beshoo.
43 reviews16 followers
May 11, 2014
كتاب ينصح به بشدة و من الكتب التى تستحق الاقتناء ... من اعمق و اصدق الكتب على الاطلاق
كتاب يتحدث عن الذنب و تاثيرة على الانسان و يحدد الطريقة التى بها نستطيع التعايش مع الذنب
انقسم الكتاب الى اربعة اجزاء:
اولا-تحديد ماهو الذنب و حدودة و ما هو الذنب الحقيقى و الذب المزيف
ثانيا- خطورة مناقشة الذنب بطريقة موضوعية و اننا من الممكن ان نحكم من هو مذنب و من هو غير مذنب
ثالثا- الحل ليس فى كبت الذنب و لكن فى الاعتراف به
رابعا- كل شئ يدفع عنه ثمن و الله وحدة هو من يسدد الثمن

*و حدد االكتاب ان الشعور المزيف بالذنب ينمحى عندما يكتشف الضمير شعورا حقيقا بالذنب
كتاب سيغير من طريقة تفكيرك لا يمكن ان تقراة و تخرج كما لم تقراة .. هذا الكتاب يعتبر دستور حياة
ينصح و بشدة
اذا وجدته لا تتركه ابدا لانه اكيد هيفرق ف شخصيتك :)
407 reviews4 followers
August 9, 2019
A wonderful meditation on guilt and grace from a Christian physician in the mid-20th century. Tournier interacts with Scripture and various psychotherapists of his day like Jung, and shows how the gospel of grace meets sinners in all our various ways of cloaking our guilt. Encouraging.
Profile Image for Eduardo Lima.
197 reviews2 followers
May 1, 2022
perfeito. explodiu minha cabeça muitas vezes e mudou o que eu penso sobre culpa completamente. Tournier ensina a melhor ler as bem-aventuranças e todos os juízos/bênçãos da Bíblia com uma análise em ponto sobre a condição humana e a salvação de Jesus.
Profile Image for Gwen.
23 reviews14 followers
July 12, 2007
Old book, great wisdom. Psychology and theology together, so it hits my fancy, but it's very readable. Like sitting with your wise grandfather or gaining one if you never had one.
Profile Image for Wassim.
10 reviews4 followers
January 3, 2018
كتاب في منتهي الروعه وبيساعد جدا في فهم مشاعر ومعتقدات نفسيه كثيره بسبب الذنب وكيفيه التعامل معها
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