Time And Eternity: Exploring God's Relationship To Time

by William Lane Craig

Time and Eternity deals with difficult issues in modern physics and brings them into relation with traditional theological doctrines. Craig has done a great work, and it is marvelous that now the philosophy of religion is engaging with the philosophy of science to the great benefit of both.
--John R. Lucas
Fellow of Merton College, Oxford University

Time and Eternity offers a comprehensive discussion of the problems in the concepts of time and eternity on the basis of an extraordinary familiarity with a vast number of recent contributions to this issue from scientists and philosophers. The argument is subtle and precise. Particularly important are the sections on the impact of the different versions of relativity theory on the concept of time.... The book offers a plausible argument for a realistic conception of temporal process and for God's involvement in the temporal distinctions and processes because of His presence in His creation.
--Wolfhart Pannenberg
Professor of Systematic Theology
Ludwig Maximilliens Universitaet-Muenchen, Germany

As a scientist doing theoretical research in gravitational physics and quantum cosmology, I found Dr. Craig's thoughtful book highly interesting. He has carefully given arguments defending several different viewpoints for each of the many issues about time that he discusses, followed by critiques in which he emphasizes his own opinion. Reading Time and Eternity has forced me to develop better arguments for my own opinions (which differ considerably from Craig's).... I am certain that Time and Eternity will also stimulate your thinking about this fascinating subject and your appreciation for the God who created time as part of the marvelous universe He has given us.
--Don N. Page
Professor of Physics and Fellow of the Cosmology and Gravitation Program of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

William Lane Craig is one the leading philosophers of religion and one of the leading philosophers of time. In this book, he combines his expertise in these areas to produce an original, erudite, and accessible theory of time and God that will be of great interest to both the general public and scholars. It is a rewarding experience to read through this brilliant and well-researched book by one of the most learned and creative thinkers of our era.
--Quentin Smith
Professor of Philosophy, Western Michigan University

In Time and Eternity, William Lane Craig defends the remarkable conclusion that "God is timeless without creation and temporal since creation." Craig argues his case philosophically by carefully weighing evidence for and against divine temporality and personhood in light of dynamic versus static theories of time and their warrants, in turn, in a Lorentzian interpretation of special relativity and an objective, mind-independent theory of becoming, including fascinating excursions into Big Bang cosmology and the philosophy of mathematics. As the latest in his series of ground-breaking books, Time and Eternity summarizes and extends Craig's previous technical arguments and conveys them to a more general audience. It is a must-read for anyone seriously interested in the problem of time and eternity in Christian philosophy.
--Robert Russell
Professor of Theology and Science
Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley, Calif.

The nature of time is a continuing source of puzzlement both to science and in everyday life. It is also an important issue in theological understandings of the nature of God. In this interesting book, Professor Craig tackles this complex set of topics in a clear way. His discussion of the interrelated scientific, philosophical, and theological issues clears up many previous misconceptions and proposes a plausible understanding of the relation of God to time and eternity that many will find helpful.
--George Ellis
Professor of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics
University of Capetown

Genres: Philosophy, Theology, Christian, Christianity, Religion, Science, Nonfiction

274 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 2001

About the author

William Lane Craig is Research Professor of Philosophy at Talbot School of Theology in La Mirada, California. He and his wife Jan have two grown children.

At the age of sixteen as a junior in high school, he first heard the message of the Christian gospel and yielded his life to Christ. Dr. Craig pursued his undergraduate studies at Wheaton College (B.A. 1971) and graduate studies at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School (M.A. 1974; M.A. 1975), the University of Birmingham (England) (Ph.D. 1977), and the University of Munich (Germany) (D.Theol. 1984). From 1980-86 he taught Philosophy of Religion at Trinity, during which time he and Jan started their family. In 1987 they moved to Brussels, Belgium, where Dr. Craig pursued research at the University of Louvain until assuming his position at Talbot in 1994.

He has authored or edited over thirty books, including The Kalam Cosmological Argument; Assessing the New Testament Evidence for the Historicity of the Resurrection of Jesus; Divine Foreknowledge and Human Freedom; Theism, Atheism and Big Bang Cosmology; and God, Time and Eternity, as well as over a hundred articles in professional journals of philosophy and theology, including The Journal of Philosophy, New Testament Studies, Journal for the Study of the New Testament, American Philosophical Quarterly, Philosophical Studies, Philosophy, and British Journal for Philosophy of Science.

Reviews

[Jacob Aitken · Rating 4 out of 5]

Divine eternity: God exists without beginning or end. But is God temporal or timeless? We will come back to this question, as Craig himself revisits it at the very end of the book. We see much about time and eternity, and the numerous tortured arguments from all sides, but little on (T/E’s) relation to God, per the book’s subtitle. That shouldn’t detract from the fine scholarship, though.

Much of the book is a sustained analysis of Einstein and the various debates concerning relativity. I’m going to skip those. The heart of Craig’s argument is setting forth two views of time:

Tensed time (A). This is the common-sense view of time (and the one Craig upholds). We can speak of past, present, and future. However, if God is timeless, as he must be if we deny that time is eternal, then it’s hard to see how he can relate to time.

Tenseless time (B). Time is an illusion, or at least speech of a past and a future is meaningless. This fits well with some models of relativity. If time is actually space-time, and space is a 3-D coordinate, and if space isn’t tensed (and it isn’t), then time is tenseless. While this is quite bizarre, and Craig offers a number of rebuttals, but its strength lies in its ability to comport with God’s eternity.

In conclusion, Craig argues that God is eternal before Creation but has a temporal dimension with respect to creation. And that’s my problem with his conclusion. I think there is something to it, but he does very little to develop it (Craig, 217-235, and much of that discussion is a summary of his Kalam argument). He adds a fine discussion on God’s foreknowledge as an appendix.

[Hlesterkov · Rating 3 out of 5]

For the reader who enjoys complex books that offer no simple solution to the questions they raise. Still trying to wrap my head around Static theory of time and the Dynamic theory of time. He does a great job however, at explaining how God’s foreknowledge is compatible with human free will. If a 2.5 rating were possible it would definitely strike that exact mark for me.

[BJ Richardson · Rating 2 out of 5]

Is God temporal or timeless? That is supposedly the primary question of the book. Unfortunately, It only gets cursory nods here and there and a few pages near the end where the author presents his concluding answer: God was eternal before creation but exists temporally with creation.

To be honest, the author lost me in the introduction when he made the inane statement that we have more to learn of God from philosophers than we do from theologians. Ummm... no. It only went downhill once it became clear that the book is less about God's relation to time but rather the philosophies of time (and beyond that, actually the philosophy of the semantics of time). The author presents the two sides as tensed time (the way most reasonable people view time) and tenseless time ( the speech of past and future is meaningless. All time is static)

I do have to admit that I lost the eagerness to read this right from the start and only pulled it out to read a few pages here and there off my phone while waiting to do better things with my life. A good chunk of that would always be trying to catch up with where I was after the multiple day gap and about the time I could plow forward again it was time to go. That is definitely not the way to read a book like this and it skews my perception. Even still, whether or not time is static, it definitely was wasted reading T&E.

[Rexford Semrad]

if you want to realize you could be more intelligent you should read this book

[Bryant Rudisill · Rating 5 out of 5]

By far this is the most accessible introduction to the nature of time and its relation to the God of Christian Theism. Time and Eternity is a sort of summarized culmination of years of philosophical reflection and publication on the issues involved in such questions. While being written to the more informed layperson, Craig does an excellent job presenting his position cogently articulated and, yet, in a clear and accessible form. Lay-persons without a prior understanding of the issues involved may be surprised at Craig's skepticism of classical (usually dogmatically accepted) doctrines of divine simplicity and immutability; rather, and maybe to the greater surprise of such individuals, would be the author's acceptance of divine complexity and (omni)temporality.



That aside, the reader will become acquainted with the various arguments for and against divine temporality and atemporality; similarly with the nature of time itself. Time and Eternity will prove to be an invaluable resource for those ready to jump into the discussion. The outside resources provided for the reader to further investigate these questions is itself a charm.

[Joseph Bradley · Rating 4 out of 5]

This is Dr. Craig on full display. Sophisticated, top-tier, and ends well. He proposed his famous view of God and Time (elsewhere called accidental temporalism), by working through the basics on the metaphysics of time and arguing against the alternatives.

[Stephen · Rating 3 out of 5]

I read this for a small book-club setting. In that vein, I think I read it too fast for my comprehension abilities. There was a lot of obscure stuff (to me) that I felt needed more contemplation, but I just didn't have the time to work it out. Because this review is from memory, it's basically an emotional recap (how I feel now) given the passage of a few months since I read it.
What do I remember?
Lorentzian interpretation of relativity. This is the first place I've ever heard of him, and his interpretation is key to Craig's arguments. Sadly, the best I can recall is that his view leaves room for an absolute time, while Einstein/Minkowski(?) are radically relative. I had trouble 'conceptualizing' many of the ideas. *sigh* Anyway, there's a lot going on in the book with how God interacts with time. I agree with Craig/philosophers on temporal becoming (vs. static time). I can't quite accept how quickly Craig dismissed Divine Simplicity: it just doesn't feel like the best arguments were dealt with. I'd like to read more on that. I don't know how great a job the book does on conveying how this should impact our daily life. I, for one, don't really have the time (*cough*) of day to argue with people who think time is an illusion. If your world-view leads to that, move along. Craig, obviously?, doesn't hold this. I appreciate the effort put in by Craig and others to investigate these concepts, but, in some respects, the space/time is too distant for me to appreciate fully. Hopefully, I can have more discussions / read further on these issues. When I have time.

[Matt Statter · Rating 4 out of 5]

It was a little bit of a trudge at times as some of the texts were really abstract, particularly the earlier chapters on divine timelessness verses divine temporality. I enjoyed the later chapters critiquing the dynamic and static theories against one another, the argument really hinges on the sequential ordering of events and the objective verses the subjective reality of temporal becoming - the static theory just doesn’t hold up to the scrutiny.

[William Stapleton · Rating 4 out of 5]

Time And Eternity: Exploring God's Relationship To Time

Introduction: Craig begins by setting the stage for the exploration of God's relationship to time. He introduces the various philosophical and theological perspectives on the nature of time, including eternalism, presentism, and the A-theory vs. B-theory of time.

Divine Eternity: Craig delves into the concept of divine eternity, examining the traditional view that God exists outside of time, transcending temporal categories such as past, present, and future. He explores the implications of divine eternity for God's nature and attributes, as well as the implications for human interaction with God.
Craig argues that God exists outside of time, in a state of timeless eternity. In this view, God transcends temporal distinctions such as past, present, and future. God's existence is not subject to temporal succession, and He does not experience a sequence of moments.
Instead, God exists in a state of atemporality, where all events in time are present to Him in a timeless, eternal "now." This timeless perspective allows God to have comprehensive knowledge of all events in time without being temporally located.


Divine Temporality: In this section, Craig examines the possibility that God exists within time and is subject to temporal categories.
He explores different philosophical and theological arguments for divine temporality and engages with various objections and challenges to this view.
Craig also considers the possibility that God exists within time and is temporally located. He argues that while God is initially timeless, He enters into time at the moment of creation.
This temporal entry does not imply that God becomes bound by time, but rather that He willingly assumes a temporal mode of existence while remaining essentially timeless. This perspective allows for God's personal interaction with the temporal world while still acknowledging His transcendent nature.
Relation of God to Time: Craig addresses the question of how God relates to time if he exists outside of it. He explores different models and metaphors, such as the idea of God's timeless knowledge of time and his involvement in temporal events.
Divine Knowledge and Foreknowledge: The issue of divine foreknowledge and human free will is a topic often discussed in the context of time and eternity. Craig examines the compatibility of divine foreknowledge and human freedom and discusses different philosophical solutions, such as open theism and Molinism.
The Atonement and Eschatology: Craig explores how the concepts of time and eternity intersect with Christian doctrines such as the atonement and eschatology. He discusses the implications of God's relationship to time for these doctrines and how they shape our understanding of God's redemptive work.
Throughout the book, Craig presents arguments, engages with counterarguments, and provides theological and philosophical analysis to support his perspective on God's relationship to time. He draws upon a wide range of sources from both the classical tradition and contemporary scholarship to present a comprehensive exploration of the topic.
It is important to note that Craig's views on God's relationship to time have generated significant discussion and debate among theologians, philosophers, and scholars. Other perspectives on divine temporality and eternity exist within the Christian theological tradition, and alternative interpretations and objections to Craig's positions have been put forward by various thinkers.

[Nick · Rating 2 out of 5]

This was a very well-argued and thought provoking read, but I think there is one crucial piece of logic in the very beginning that I wish was expounded on more. Dr. Craig says, rightly, that for something to be temporal and timeless is a contradiction in terms and is not possible. He seems to brush by that awfully quickly and take it for granted. However, there are quite a few times where we see God behave in ways that appear to us to be logically contradictory. For example: a pregnant virgin, death to life, Jesus being fully human and fully man, the trinity.

I do think it important that we try and reason out aspects of God and don't chalk everything we don't know up to "this could be nothing more that a great mystery" and move on without bothering to try and understand more. I think the Bible and nature challenges us to reason out God's nature as best we can. But there are some things that we leave up to: "We're not quite sure how this is the case, but Scripture points us there, so we might need to hang it on the 'God is too much for us to understand' rack and see what can be done with it from there." As Dr. Craig mentions in the book, there are many passages that point to God's temporality, but also a few that point to His timelessness. So, from my very unresearched position, it might be possible that this is another human contradiction that is not a contradiction for God.

All that being said, I wouldn't presume to know more about this subject than Dr. Craig or the other philosophers quoted in this book. They seem to take it for granted that it has to be one or the other. I would just like to have that particular argument flushed out more thoroughly, since the entire rest of the book seems to live or die by that position. If God can somehow be BOTH timeless and temporal, then the point of the book is rather moot (even though it does have a great discussion on dynamic vs static time that is well worth the read regardless).

All in all, I found Dr. Craig's book challenging and enjoyable. It was challenging both in the sense of following the brilliant logic and in the sense of challenging my beliefs. I found out that I had a bias towards a timeless God that I did not know was there, so reading the arguments against that were a bit challenging, personally. I think the conclusion Dr. Craig arrived at is both logical and plausible, but I hesitate to accept it as truth until I hear a more fleshed out reason as to how God cannot reconcile the supposed contradiction in Himself.

[William Schrecengost · Rating 2 out of 5]

Craig engages in a philosophical investigation of time and eternity as it relates to God and how God relates to it. He argues that this must be done philosophically before biblical theology can be done. Craig thus places man's reason as having authority over God's revelation.

The primary question that Craig is asking is this: is God timeless or temporal?
This leads to other questions surrounding relativity and static vs dynamic. He holds to a Lorentzian view of relativity and rejects Einsteins formulation as well as modern space-time. He aptly argues against static time and defends dynamic time.
Craig argues that God is temporal and that his temporality is an attribute simple to him. His primary argument for this is that God, being omniscient, must know all things including tensed knowledge (like: "tomorrow we will go to church"). He argues that a timeless God can't know this due to his being outside of time. However, Craig also believes that God wasn't temporal prior to the creation of time in creation. Therefore God was timeless prior to creation and entered into temporality when he created the world. This is inconsistent with his earlier attempt to argue that temporality would be an attribute of God. It also denies God's immutability. God changes. God also allows a force to have an authority over him. God is now impotent to the progress of time. He's also limited to foreknowledge rather than predestination. I found it interesting that Craig didn't bring up predestination in his defense of divine foreknowledge. I actually think this was his attempt to create a philosophical foundation for his molinism. Unfortunately he renders God mutible and impotent in the attempt.

To answer his arguments against timelessness, I think that all his objections can be answered by the multiperspectivalism of Poythress-Frame. God is omniscient. In his all-knowing, he also knows all perspectives. He sees us from our view, our wife's view, our pastor's view, and even the fly on the wall's view. He knows our innermost thoughts better than we do. God is transcendent, he works in time and knows time and knows time perspectivally, yet he is not himself in time.

[Joseph Yue · Rating 3 out of 5]

This is undoubtedly a masterpiece of analytical philosophy of time, but Craig seems to, embarrassingly, have forgotten that God exists at all in a book dedicated to discussing the relation between God and time, especially in the second half. As far as we know, all the brilliantly laid-out arguments for the A-theory & against the B-theory, while contingently true for us humans (for we are essentially spatiotemporal creatures), could be completely invalid for God. For example, the author argues that the B-theory cannot provide a solid ground for the inherent direction of time. This is strictly true only if we ignore the existence of a personal God who eternally decrees the beginning and the end of the world. For a theologian who adopts the B-theory, the direction of time can be simply defined by the Creation and the Eschaton. Trying to impose the A-theory on the Almighty, Craig thus unintentionally committed probably the gravest intellectual “sin”: anthropomorphising the Transcendent, as if he, assuming that God is in time, tried to prove that God is really in time.

All these being said, this book can still be read as a brilliant philosophical treatise defending a dynamic view of time. The author also demonstrates incredible level of scientific knowledge related to time, and the part explaining GTR is very helpful.

[Alex · Rating 4 out of 5]

In the book, Craig explores God's relation to time. It covers such topics as God's timelessness and his relationship to time, static verses dynamic views of time, the past eternity or finitude of time, and has an appendix on God's foreknowledge. He concludes that God is (or was) timeless prior to creation, and became temporal at creation in an act of condescension analogous to the incarnation. He also concludes that as an omniscient being (biblically and philosophically, a necessary part of God's nature), God knows what will happen in the future, but that we should reject fatalism. Although God's knowledge is temporally prior to an event happening, the event is causally prior to God's knowledge, so that freewill is not impinged upon. Although he doesn't elaborate, he affirms that God is in control of history, while also affirming free will.

This is a deeply philosophical and quite technical work, as you’d expect from such a topic. Many of the parts that didn’t skirt my understanding exceeded it. I may even have missed a couple of chapters and if I did didn’t notice. But the parts I did understand were insightful and I agree with Craig’s conclusion.

[Peter Butler · Rating 5 out of 5]

Time and Eternity: Exploring God’s Relationship to Time by William Lane Craig is a readable book, but one to think through and come back to.

The major issue – as one would expect – is God’s relationship to time. Craig gives the following options:

Is God temporal or timeless?

Put another way, is God dynamic or static?

Still another way, is God tensed or tenseless?

Craig walks the reader through what each of these distinctions means and why he favors one over another.

He then moves on to the issue of God and creation. Craig argues that Creation must occur within time (thus there is a problem with the theory of the “big bang”), and time had to have a beginning. If this is not true, the self-existence of God is at risk.

Finally, he considers whether God’s foreknowledge is open or actual – and where human responsibility falls in each of these views.

Craig looks at what are in many ways – the basic issues that one needs to think through and to begin to grasp God’s relationship to time. It is a great place to begin thinking about these issues.

[This review appears on my blog, Amazon.com, and Goodreads.com.]

[Brandon Whitaker · Rating 5 out of 5]

This is now the second work by Dr. Craig on the metaphysics of time with which I have had the pleasure of interacting, the first being his more academic Time and the Metaphysics of Relativity. I expected this work to be comparatively light, but while it may well be, it was nonetheless quite in-depth at points. This book addresses a very challenging subject, and the topics that it tackles in order to do this thoroughly are broad, ranging from the linguistic philosophy of tense to the question of personhood and beyond. Should serve as an edifying read and a great prompt to further reading for those who are interested in the subject of God's relationship to time, or to the philosophy of time in general.

[Asa Bondeson · Rating 3 out of 5]

This was probably the most confusing book I have ever read. It goes through Physics, Metaphysics, Philosophy, Theology and so many others. I feel like you would have to have at minimum a baseline understanding of string theory to even try this book since he references it like every other page. If anyone can read this and fully understand it, then I applaud you, and I hope you do amazing things with your life.

I would give a summery, but to be honest, it would not only not make sense to anyone who would read it, but it also would barely make sense to me. So yeah, this book humbled me.

William Lane Craig on the other hand is a phenomenal author and speaker. He has been my favorite Christian debater for years at this point so I was happy to read some of his work.

[Thomas · Rating 4 out of 5]

William Lane Craig offers a philosophically rigorous exploration of God's relationship to time. He concludes that God was timeless before he created but became temporal when he created. While his discussion will give the reader a sense of the debates, many will not be able to agree with his conclusion. Regardless of one's views, this is essential reading for gaining an understanding of a distinct defense of God's temporality and a rebuttal of the classical view which posits God's atemporality (cf. Boethius).

[David Diaz · Rating 4 out of 5]

This was a tough book to wade through. Although it was intended for a "popular" audience, it was still hard to follow Craig's line of thought completely, especially for a layperson like myself. That said, there are some genuine theological nuggets to be had in this book and for anyone who is sufficiently motivated, your persistence will likely be rewarded.

[Sheri-lee]

I got to page 55 and I didn’t care enough. It’s essentially telling you how you can poke holes in all theories at some point. So I guess that means there isn’t a known answer to the question of time and eternity. Theories. Ok. Thanks. So, you need to decide what you want to have faith in (since there is always at some point an assumption that could be false). Got it.

[Nathan Bozeman · Rating 4 out of 5]

William Lane Craig convincingly argues that God is timeless before creation and in time after creation. The only reason I am giving it 4 stars is because I listened to it on Audible. Yeah, and I definitely could have used the charts that are available in the print copy. So I definitely recommend if you get this book to read the physical copy rather than listening to it on Audible.

[Tahlia · Rating 4 out of 5]

Very interesting book for anyone who has ever questioned whether God has a temporal or timeless nature. Craig provides good arguments and counter-arguments for both, allowing the reader to be informed on all possible angles concerning this issue.

[Kingsley Layton · Rating 5 out of 5]

An amazing insight into this subject. Another great lesson from WLC.

[Derrick Walker · Rating 4 out of 5]

This is a helpful work on time. Craig does not handle idealism properly. His argument is wide open to attack with the right metaphysical idealism.

[Matthew · Rating 4 out of 5]

Buckle up and bring your thinking cap.

[Wes Dicken · Rating 5 out of 5]

well thought out

Challenging philosophical arguments but we’ll laid out and explained so a novice can understand what the writer is trying to say.

[Yerko · Rating 5 out of 5]

Wen libro, para aprender sobre filosofía del tiempo y su relación con Dios

[Jill B · Rating 4 out of 5]

Very helpful and interesting, but also some of it was very over my head. Would definitely need a deeper understanding of some foundational philosophy to get the most out of this book.

[O · Rating 4 out of 5]

Very dense, very necessary discussion of God’s relationship to temporal matter. Craig needed to write this book with his reliance on A-theory and Vilenkin’s cosmological models, and I’m glad he didn’t shy away from it.

Still, not an especially necessary read if cosmology isn’t of interest to you. If discussing such themes as “tensed facts”, “static conception”, and relativity theory don’t grab your interest you probably don’t need to read this. If they do, it will probably require multiple reads to scrape all of what Craig is getting at out.

[Craig · Rating 4 out of 5]

Hard to describe, though perhaps I am just not smart enough to describe it. A long and thorough review of the different views of God, time, and eternity and the various repercussions of holding such views. I like how Craig is very systematic in his approach, this book really reads like a school text book, but that I think that approach is necessary for a topic like this. Craig first describes the different views of the relationship of God and time, e.g. is God temporal or atemporal, and then proceeds to dissect the logical arguments and premises of each view to determine which is most cogent or plausible. Stemming from this discussion the next chapters discuss the properties of time itself, e.g. is time dynamic or static, and again Craig reviews the logical arguments and premises.

In the final chapter, the Conclusion, I appreciate that Craig takes a stance on his belief that time is dynamic and God is both temporal now yet also existed timelessly before creation, and that he does so only after a very thorough examination of the alternatives and logical consistency of the beliefs. However, to me especially, the conclusions that Craig reaches after almost 300 pages of argument are easily the most intuitive choices and are the beliefs that I had held from the start! Is this book useful? For the physicists, philosophers of science, and philosophers of language, yes; for the armchair apologist or meta-physics buff, I think not. Not because the subject matter is too intellectual, but because the arguments too easily appear absurd, the hopeless and illogical reaching of atheists too determined to exclude the necessity of God to realize the answer is, literally, right in front of them. Too big a part of me just wants to laugh at the word-play that this entire subject appears to be.

[Sergio Flores · Rating 4 out of 5]

I had a lot of questions and was asked a lot of questions on God's relationship to time and how he can work through time if he is outside of time. Dr. William Lane Craig lays out in this book the two main theories of time. Mainly the A (dynamic) theory and the B (static) theory. Just like in all his writings and presentations Dr. Craig represents each side fairly and does not hold anything back from either side. He offers arguments for both side and talks about the objections to both. He shows how the A theory of time is the one that is more likely to be true. He then goes on to argue that God is a temporal being and not atemporal. Now he makes a good case for this, I still have reservations on saying that God is temporal even though it makes sense on paper. Overall this book is great, it is the layman's version of his books but very challenging non-the-less. If you have questions about Gods relationship to time, this is a book for you.