Magisterial.
Christine Stansell argues that a number of modern ideas developed in Bohemian New York during the first decades of the twentieth century and then passed out to the culture at large--before the Bohemia itself withered, another victim of World War II. In its scope and command of material, it is impressive. The book has an underlying logic to its organization--one that is even old-fashioned and rooted in the academic--but it is disguised enough that it reads well. This is not narrative non-fiction--too analytic for that--but for those interested in historical writing, it is well done.
The only caveats I have are both relatively common. There is the wearying insistence that New York was unique, all other Bohemias merely regional--New York alone would cultivate modern culture. By now we know, I think, that New York is not unique, that regional cultures persist, and modernism too pluralistic to be reduced to one set of ideas. But this insistence--repeated insistence--can be ignored with no harm to the overall argument. So can the other crotchet: that this particular moment was the single keystone in the development of modern ideas, all others paling before it. One can admire the skill with which Stansell uncovers and presents her story without acceding to the contention that this si the only story that really counts.
And there is a great deal of skill. She initially pays attention to the assemblage of New York's bohemia, out of the wreckage of European Bohemia, and, especially, the one in Chicago, as well as developments in American culture. German Jews of a progressive, even anarchistic, bent, came to America fleeing the stultifying culture there. She points out that they confronted anti-Semitism in America, too, but to a much lesser extent. A generation before they would become important to the entertainment industries, these immigrants helped reinvigorate American publishing--which remained very conservative--and challenge censorship laws. From Chicago came a number of writers and wits who had been central to that city's renaissance.
(Indeed, at a few crucial points, Stansell glances away from New York, because the evidence she needs is richer elsewhere, and so she spends time at other places--Davenport, Iowa; Chicago; Taos. These enliven the book and give it depth--they contribute to her story telling and show a limber scholar at work. But they also point out that other Bohemian enclaves were important in their own right.)
Also important was the so-called New Woman. Stansell is especially fascinated by this stereotype. Indeed, if any figure is central to the story from beginning to end, it is the New Woman, who could be a German Jew like Emma Goldman, or an American. Stansell is sensitive to the new liberties, but also to the constraints. This comes out best in her description of the marriage of Hutchins Hapgood and Neith Boyce, Boyce eventually overwhelmed by what were still considered womanly duties, and Hapgood presenting his forbearance of her frustrations as some kind of feminist credential for him. (One thinks also of the later career of Caresse Crosby.) Stansell is also sensitive to those who did not fit into the type, such as the editor Margaret Anderson, and those who resisted the idea of the New Woman altogether, such as Ezra Pound.
Stansell lays out the way the ideas that were common to Bohemia attracted cross-culture acceptance--opposition to censorship, birth control, woman's suffrage--and spread to the wider world. She also notes the way modernist forms of writing and sensibilities spread. Bohemia is never about itself--it is always about the relationship with the Bourgeois world. And Stansell notes that, examining the attraction and repulsion between the two.
World War I represented something of a conservative moment, the patriotism and battle with Germany a bulwark against socialism, free speech, and so-called German ideals. Like all Bohemias, this one broke and scattered, so that by the time a new one was being formed in the 1920s, the starts of the earlier generation were already forgotten people. But the ideas persisted.