Four lectures delivered to appropriate institutions in the 1860's. On this evidence, when Ruskin lectured he meant to do more than merely discourse on a subject, he meant to actively harangue his audience!
'Work', delivered to the Working Man's Institute of Camberwell, has Ruskin categorize the working class as including both rich or poor. Only the idle are in a different class. However, not all work is good; a highly religious man, he believed that those who worked for Capital were working for the devil.
'Traffic' was addressed at the Town Hall in Bradford to mark the building of a new Exchange. They may he been hoping to benefit from his ideas on architecture. They certainly couldn't have expected him to start out by telling them that they didn't really want or need an Exchange!
Of course and Exchange is a symbol of Capital, therefore a abomination to Ruskin. He does offer them some advice on their design later on though: 'I can only present suggest decorating its frieze with pendent purses; and making its pillars broad at the base, for the sticking of bills.'
Ouch!
His lecture on 'War' is a curious thing. He starts off by exulting it, asserting that 'war is the foundation of all the arts'. Following that logic into our own times, why then does Israel, a nation at constant war, never produce any great art?
He recognizes three types of war - for play, for dominion, and for defense. As you expect, only the third type is morally acceptable, I am sure none amongst his audience of young soldiers would have disagreed with that.
But what would they have thought of this?: 'No youth who was earnestly busy with any peaceful subject or study, or set on any serviceable course of action, ever voluntarily became a soldier.' Hardly a compliment, is it?
Or this? 'You are not true soldiers, if you only mean to stand at a shop door, to protect shop-boys who are cheating inside.' I couldn't agree more, but then it goes against the entire code of soldiery, which is to obey. The hiring committee must have been gnashing their teeth.
But that's not all, for he spares his harshest broadside for the ladies in the audience, suggesting that war would never occur if they weren't complicit in bringing it about. Check this out:
'the real, final reason for all the poverty, misery and rage of battle ... Is simply that you women, however good, however religious, however self-sacrificing for those whom you love, are too selfish and too thoughtless to take pains for any creature out of your own immediate circles.'
The final lecture, called 'The Future of England' and given to the Royal Academy, may have the most intriguing title but for all that is the least interesting of the four.
John Ruskin was a highly principled man who lived and died by his views on the evil of Capital and machinery. These lectures make interesting reading, unorthodox and brave, especially considering who he was addressing each time.
Most of all though, I enjoyed the preface, where he gives a passionate argument reasoning out how those considering themselves to be atheists should actually be more keen to act charitably in this life than those that believe we are all destined for another, immortal life after death.