Terry Martin seeks to tackle the question of how nationalities and ethnic minorities were treated in the USSR in the antebellum Stalin period. The Affirmative Action Empire admirably succeeds in sketching this out in a 460-page treatise that despite the vast and complex scope, and sometimes difficult train of thought, tells an intelligible tale of national-cultural pragmatism, hubris and redress.
The case of the USSR is truly unique in the sense that a semi-developed interior deliberately stimulated the national consciousness and self-rule of its constituent minorities, carving out swathes of Russian-colonized land in which the Russian state-bearing people became their own minority. This reversed in the mid-thirties, when Russian feelings of national neglect were attended to and their identity was constructed around being the first socialist people. Stalin, as the Bolshevik nationalities expert, first drew up the Leninist principles that governed the very idealistic literacy and Affirmative Action Programmes in NEP times, which made remarkable progress in pulling the 'eastern' nations out of their 'backwardness'. Along the way, hundreds of thousands of people migrated (or were migrated, in the run-up to the second world war) to consolidate their national homelands in the Cultural Revolution of 1928-1933, until the Great Retreat of 1933-1939 signalled a re-appreciation of the place of Russian and the Russians within the USSR.
Most interesting was the case of the linguistic Ukrainization, which demonstrated the very complex intersection of nation and class in Ukraine, which was divided between the rural Ukrainian-speaking farmer class and the urban Russian-speaking proletariat, and which resolution required a nuanced and experimental approach that sometimes favoured the former and sometimes the latter. In general, the most proletarianized classes won out, which is also why revolutionary justice most struck the non-Russian minorities, even in times when legally speaking they ought to be privileged over the Russian central government. Nevertheless, the peripheral nations attained an unprecedented degree of autonomy and bargaining power vis-a-vis the centre.
Dense and challenging, The Affirmative Action Empire is nevertheless an unavoidable guide to Soviet national policy, no matter the political framework the reader prefers. Recommended.