This was a very interesting book. Even though I lived through all of Amazon's history, I wasn't that steeped in the culture that was following the company as it was detailed in the book. It makes me think of companies and articles I'm following today and how history will report on them one day. Here are a few notable takeaways I had. It was interesting to hear how things were for Amazon during the .com bust. They went from growth focused to profitable focused. They hired an executive away from Pepsi, Joseph Galli to help with the cuts and profitability measures. He was in the number two spot, COO, for approximately 18 months. This is straight from the Apple playbook where they hired John Sculley and it didn't end great at Amazon either. The accomplished executive, with an impressive track record, isn't always a good fit. This isn't to say anything bad about any of the executives, it simply means it wasn't the right person, for the right company at the right time. This is an often-overlooked truth. People are great at arm-chair quarterbacking decisions. Remember history highlights success and failure stories, often putting the cart before the horse and making subjective, causal analogies that are more correlative in nature when you dig down into the weeds. The Pepsi executive ended up leaving right before Amazon's quarterly earnings citing family reasons and he moved to Pennsylvania to be closer to his kids in Baltimore with his ex-wife. He took another CEO role, but most haven't heard anything about him since he left Amazon. Amazon lost close to 90+ percent of the stock and had to continue to fight hard to keep things going after he left. Eventually all the measures paid off and they saw their stock price rise 40+% after they announced the profit. From there it continued to take off. Jeff Bezos saw Steve Jobs present the iTunes music store and was inspired to continue his plans to do similar for books. This is a good reminder that smart people are inspired by smart people. They seek out these beacons of business to learn from them and leverage lessons. Bezos had the idea for Kindle and hired engineers from Palm and Apple. They created a secret research laboratory called 126 where teams were working on this idea. Bezos eventually presented the Kindle plan on stage to show how books could be consumed differently. Analysts were not too impressed and pointed out all the problems, expensive, device was $400, books were around $10 or more each. Also, the screen had some limitations. Eventually they used new technology to help with simulating the ink on paper and giving the feel of a real page. I think Kindle innovations are often underappreciated as many things Amazon pioneered. It's cool to see smart CEO's watching and recognizing skill and talent from other CEO's. Steve Jobs goes down as one of the GOAT's, especially when it comes to his presentation skills. The share price of Amazon on IPO was $18. This is encouraging when I think of some companies I'm betting on now. Time and a series of good decisions, sometimes a lot of luck can lead to long shot bets paying off tremendously. Jeff Bezos wanted John Doehr as an investor in the early days and generated interest among other firms to help get the investor he wanted and got him on the board too. It's cool to see Bezos process for recruiting good talent as well as key investors. His process to get John Doerr as an investor in the early days of Amazon was textbook Bezos. Walmart sued Amazon for stealing employees and their trade secrets. Amazon demonstrated that Sam Walton used a similar strategy and was pretty open on his acquisition of talent and knowledge from other companies and industries. The lawsuit was eventually thrown out with some reassignments of staff and assurances made to limit harm to Walmart. What was more telling was a 100+ billion company was worried about a $600 million bookseller. They dynamics between Walmart and Amazon were very telling. News flash, it's 2021 and the battle goes on. The competition of these two well-led companies is fascinating when you look deeper into it. I wouldn't bet against either of them in the long term. It will be interesting to see how this comment ages in 2040. Amazon branched into CD’s after books. Bezos always talked about doing all Amazon could as long as they could do it well and there was a customer demand. There were some newspaper ad battles between Amazon and competitors like Barnes and Noble. Amazon referred to itself as David and the large book retailers as Goliath. They responded with how much money Amazon had and how Amazon was essentially the Goliath in the equation now. Jeff Bezos replied “Oh”. Once Amazon had key investor John Doerr and went public, they had a lot of money, but they were determined not to be profitable. This is actually great leadership even though profitability is the ultimate goal. Forgoing short term gains for long-term profitability and moat building is a key part of Amazon's secret sauce. In fact, Jeff Bezos said trying to be profitable in the early day would have been very stupid. He invested heavily into R&D and improving Amazon's competitive advantage. They expanded their staff, their compute, their logistics, their shipping warehouses. Everything grew and got better. Many other Internet companies tried this approach only to fail. This is a reminder to run your race and play your game as a company. Learn from companies like Amazon, but don't imitate them. Take the things that work for you and throw away the things that don't apply. Wisdom is often knowing the difference between those. two. The invest heavy in R&D and ignoring profitability isn’t always a winning strategy and definitely isn’t a one size fits all situation. Jeff Bezos mastered the physical goods early on while Steve Jobs mastered the digital with iTunes. It wasn’t long before Bezos started exploring digital options and devices and created the Kindle. As they hired people, they kept raising the bar and hiring smarter people. The saying was that he wanted people to be glad they were hired a year ago as they wouldn’t qualify today. I loved this perspective. How many companies maintain the status quo as gatekeepers keep out smart people who intimidate them. Smart companies strive to hire people so smart that people hired a year earlier are glad they got in early as it would be a challenge today. The process continued to improve as did the talent Amazon attracted. They were obsessed with growth without regard for profitability at a company picnic they had a t-shirt with a hotdog on it and a sun talking about having a bite and thinking how big they could be. Jeff Bezos had more programming knowledge than much of his developers as he was a programming guru. I read another book called Liftoff where Elon Musk said Jeff Bezos wasn't a great engineer. This is a reminder that there are levels to everything. Smart people associate with other smart people. When you’re a CEO you're not expected to be a great engineer too as that's incredibly rare. Both Bezos and Musk are once in a lifetime leaders. In the early days, Bezos got the company an Oracle database ODBC which was a little bit overkill in the early days. He wanted to get a capable system early on so they wouldn’t have to switch later with growth. While he over engineered the computer systems, his specialty, he also reiterated and ran items in experimental form to deliver quickly to customers. I think it's interesting that many startups now run-on AWS and have the ability to right size their infrastructure. In the early days you had to invest significant capital to create a system that scales. Today, you can scale as you grow with a system inspired by the man who over-engineered his systems in the beginning. Amazon did many things in a hack kind of way. They were sending out books and found ways to work the system. Bezos learned to order a book and set up another order for books that he knew couldn’t be fulfilled. This allowed him to bypass the 10-book minimum order rule. He’d order the book he wanted and 9 that he knew wouldn’t be available and bypassed the requirements. Smart leaders learn the rules so good that they can find those hidden angles and loopholes. Bezos recognized and did this. The title of the book One-Click was how Amazon leveraged an operational patent to gain a competitive advantage on the competition. Amazon "hacked" the competition by patenting the One-Click checkout process. Some would say that's a cheap move, Bezos would say you often have to think incredibly hard about things before you can make them incredibly simple. One-Click only seems simple in hindsight. It was an impossible challenge, until Amazon did it. The customer rating system we all know and use on a daily basis grew organically as well and found that having people rating books both good and bad. This was something that appears easier and common sense in hindsight. In the early days, it was very counter intuitive. As you'd have the bad reviews right there with the good ones. People today still try to game the Amazon algorithm when it comes to reviews, but we still check them out before we buy just about anything. Amazon made the hard simple. The one-click patent really was a stroke of genius. It enabled Amazon to have a competitive advantage as anyone else would have to pay royalties if they use it. The book talked about Bezos early days when he was selling books and went to a book seller conference in a small hotel to learn more about the business. He met a guy Richard Howarth who was incredibly customer obsessed - one of Amazon’s key traits. One time a woman came to his store and a plant in his window above the parking lot spilled on her car and made it dirty. She came in and complained. Howarth offered to take her to car wash which was closed. He eventually brought her to his house, got a bucket and washed it himself. She came back and bought some stuff. Jeff Bezos had a similar passion about making it right for customers, but his focus was to do it before there was a complaint and he was focused on the design. This reminds me of Scott Adams "Systems over goals" approach. Bezos once heard a grandmother was so happy with the experience, but she had to have her grandson come over to open the box as it was taped shut like Fort Knox. Immediately upon hearing this feedback Bezos] changed the packaging process. How many CEO's pay attention to the customer like this? More importantly, how many will change a small detail like packaging? The patent on an operational element of a company is frowned upon by businesses, but if it gives a competitive advantage and allows you to serve customers it’s a win win. Barnes and Noble tried to get around patent by designing express checkout which was two clicks to reduce friction. Amazon took them to court and won in defense of their patent. The patent process is powerful. It provides a competitive advantage and no matter how people view that advantage, if you can do it in the service of your customers. Smart businesses leverage this powerful tool. Jeff Bezos decided to start Amazon was to use a Regret Minimization Framework, basically a way to see which decision he’d regret more. It ended up being Amazon over his pre-Amazon life, which was pretty darn good by most standards. He supposedly told the movers to start heading West from New York and didn’t know where he was going to start the company. He called them about halfway and told them to go to Seattle. The book talks about the "Cadabra" name which the attorney said cadaver? when Jeff was talking to him on the phone about incorporating the name. About 7 months later Jeff changed the name to Amazon. He said it was easy to spell and it’s the biggest river. The book talked about the early talent acquisition and some of the initial tech/engineers/employees who joined Amazon. The choice of Washington had several factors. He wanted a state with a lower population as he didn’t want too many people, customers from the state to have to pay extra state taxes, close proximity to distribution factories - Portland, OR was 6 hours away. The fact that he was considering his customers when picking the state to ultimately found the company, underscores his customer obsession. The book talks a little about some of the dot com companies that went under during the time of the founding. One they mentioned was Lucent technologies. The funny thing is I knew someone who worked there before it went under which puts it in perspective. This book was a great book full of good stories and anecdotes that spoke to me personally. I definitely recommend checking it out.