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The Empowerment Manual: A Guide for Collaborative Groups
A Transition Town group involved in preparations for peak oil and climate change; an intentional community, founded with the highest ideals; a nonprofit dedicated to social change—millions of such voluntary groups exist around the world. These collaborative organizations have the unique potential to harness their members' ideals, passions, skills, and knowledge—if they can succeed in getting along together.
The Empowerment Manual is a comprehensive manual for groups seeking to organize with shared power and bottom-up leadership to foster vision, trust, accountability, and responsibility. This desperately needed toolkit provides keys to:
• Understanding group dynamics
• Facilitating communication and collective decision-making
• Dealing effectively with difficult people
Drawing on four decades of experience, Starhawk shows how collaborative groups can generate the cooperation, efficacy, and commitment critical to success. Her extensive exploration of group process is woven together with the story of RootBound—a fictional ecovillage mired in conflict—and rounded out with a series of real-life case studies.
The included exercises and facilitator toolbox show how to establish the necessary structures, ground rules, and healthy norms. The Empowerment Manual is required reading for anyone who wants to help their group avoid disagreement and disillusionment and become a wellspring of creativity and innovation.
Starhawk is the author of 11 previous books, including the award-winning Webs of Power. A highly influential voice for global justice and the environment, she is deeply committed to bringing the creative power of spirituality to political activism.
The Empowerment Manual is a comprehensive manual for groups seeking to organize with shared power and bottom-up leadership to foster vision, trust, accountability, and responsibility. This desperately needed toolkit provides keys to:
• Understanding group dynamics
• Facilitating communication and collective decision-making
• Dealing effectively with difficult people
Drawing on four decades of experience, Starhawk shows how collaborative groups can generate the cooperation, efficacy, and commitment critical to success. Her extensive exploration of group process is woven together with the story of RootBound—a fictional ecovillage mired in conflict—and rounded out with a series of real-life case studies.
The included exercises and facilitator toolbox show how to establish the necessary structures, ground rules, and healthy norms. The Empowerment Manual is required reading for anyone who wants to help their group avoid disagreement and disillusionment and become a wellspring of creativity and innovation.
Starhawk is the author of 11 previous books, including the award-winning Webs of Power. A highly influential voice for global justice and the environment, she is deeply committed to bringing the creative power of spirituality to political activism.
304 pages, Paperback
First published November 1, 2011
72 people are currently reading
913 people want to read
About the author
Starhawk
58 books1,018 followersStarhawk is an author, activist, permaculture designer and teacher, and a prominent voice in modern Goddess religion and earth-based spirituality. She is the author or coauthor of thirteen books, including the classics The Spiral Dance and The Fifth Sacred Thing. Her latest is the newly published fiction novel City of Refuge, the long-awaited sequel to The Fifth Sacred Thing.
Starhawk directs Earth Activist Training, (www.earthactivisttraining.org), teaching permaculture design grounded in spirit and with a focus on organizing and activism. “Social permaculture”—the conscious design of regenerative human systems, is a particular focus of hers.
She lives on Golden Rabbit Ranch in Western Sonoma County, CA, where she is developing a model of carbon-sequestering land use incorporating food forests and savannahs, planned grazing, and regenerative forestry.
She travels internationally, lecturing and teaching on earth-based spirituality, permaculture, and the skills of activism. Her web site is www.starhawk.org.
Starhawk directs Earth Activist Training, (www.earthactivisttraining.org), teaching permaculture design grounded in spirit and with a focus on organizing and activism. “Social permaculture”—the conscious design of regenerative human systems, is a particular focus of hers.
She lives on Golden Rabbit Ranch in Western Sonoma County, CA, where she is developing a model of carbon-sequestering land use incorporating food forests and savannahs, planned grazing, and regenerative forestry.
She travels internationally, lecturing and teaching on earth-based spirituality, permaculture, and the skills of activism. Her web site is www.starhawk.org.
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Displaying 1 - 28 of 28 reviews
March 1, 2023
Full-on Starhawk facilitator geek-out; I loved it. Getting into the nitty gritty of collectives and cooperative groups, how to deal with conflict, decision-making, power, leadership, etc. It even features storylines from a fictional intentional community ("Rootbound," so good.) to illustrate the concepts she writes about. This is definitely a book I'll definitely flip back to.
June 23, 2014
I read this as part of a women's book group, with people who actively organized in collaborative groups.
We would often do the excersises outlined in the book, and shared with each other about how the content related to our experiences. I think this was a really great way to approach this book, because I would have gotten bored half way through if I were reading it on my own (probably). Someone once described Starhawk to me as someone who was deep into 'new age' thinking, realized a lot of it was bullshit, took the golden nuggets from it, and came out the other side.
Over all, I like the book, and it lays out Starhawk's years of experience working with collaborative groups of all sorts and highlights some best practices.
We would often do the excersises outlined in the book, and shared with each other about how the content related to our experiences. I think this was a really great way to approach this book, because I would have gotten bored half way through if I were reading it on my own (probably). Someone once described Starhawk to me as someone who was deep into 'new age' thinking, realized a lot of it was bullshit, took the golden nuggets from it, and came out the other side.
Over all, I like the book, and it lays out Starhawk's years of experience working with collaborative groups of all sorts and highlights some best practices.
November 22, 2024
The Empowerment Manual: A Guide to Collaborative Groups by Starhawk functions as a guide for anyone who finds themselves in or leads non-hierarchical groups of any type. Drawing on case studies based on real experiences, tools, and practices to address typical issues groups face. This book serves as both a resource for those using such approaches and a practical guide for those wanting to enable individuals to have a real and sustainable impact. Mixing self-help and organizational leadership with coaching questions and social change activism, The Empowerment Manual is a book with a unique niche approach to collaboration: how to create functional and resilient healthy collective groups. While this book was ultimately helpful, the book club agreed that some of the examples were so nuanced that it was easy to get lost in the stories rather than the leadership tools, ultimately giving it a 3 out of 5.
Starhawk touches on many themes central to collaboration, including how we relate to power (and privilege), conflict management, group accountability, and communication in cooperation. She stresses the importance of trust and transparency, again alluding to the fact that groups are more successful when every member feels valued, heard, and respected. One particularly strong motif is what Starhawk calls "shared power" in opposition to traditional leadership models. Instead of concentrating the power within one leader, Starhawk looks at how organizations can share the power — “affinity groups” who are empowered to take ownership of their tasks/interests and take action in service of the overall group’s mission.
Another key theme is resilience — Starhawk insists that resilient communities welcome conflict as a potential source of growth. Throughout the book, she spends a significant amount of time giving specific dialogue for conflict resolution and methods for avoiding tension to make disagreements a productive conversation, framing it instead as an inevitable part of collaboration. In fact, a mark of a good group is one that can navigate conflict and come out stronger on the other side. This guide contains exercises, reflections, and examples to illustrate these concepts to give groups a toolbox of anchors for greater cohesion and trust. The book discusses some intricate and specific dynamics of society, but Starhawk always ties in an anecdote or personal experience to help the reader understand.
The Empowerment Manual is relatable and informative, filled with practical wisdom for people interested in working together. While deceptively simple in style, Starhawk strikes a number of powerful notes with both personal narrative and tactile strategy, providing an accessible read. She is also uniquely candid in addressing group dynamics; she recognizes the reality of power struggles, burnout, or unaddressed conflicts. Instead of downplaying the issue, she honestly talks about it. The reader gets the sense that they are not alone in struggling with these issues, which is one of the best things about this book.
But even with such a great resource as this book, some sections could be trimmed here and there to keep the rhythm flowing. Starhawk’s in-depth descriptions of group dynamics sometimes come off as a little repetitive, particularly for readers familiar with the basic principles around collaborative leadership. Working through this book as a group, the club regularly stated that some of the author’s insight and examples were too niche, which lost the audience in the nitty gritty. Nonetheless, the text manages to get its thesis successfully across: It is indeed possible to build positive ecosystems of collaboration that empower, are sustainable, and respectful, but it requires effort, conscious awareness of designs and mechanisms behind such environments, and proper tools.
The voice of Starhawk is intimate and specific; she reels her audience in with stories and examples. She also writes in a commanding way, with authority rooted in years of experience; she shows a superior level of knowledge while simultaneously feeling relatable. Although some of the author’s stories become so specific that they lose the ability to resonate with a broad audience, it is clear that she writes from the perspective of someone who has been there and done it. She writes about her experience working together but encourages us to be open to learning and growing. The book's structure is clear, and every chapter builds on the previous to facilitate a complete understanding of collaborative empowerment. She jumps perfectly from one thing to another, albeit with a few cumbersome specifics, and the order is logical, which allows the reader to make associations more easily with her ideas and apply them to practice.
Whether you are a nonprofit leader, social activist, educator, or community organizer, if your work involves the need for collaboration, this book is an essential read. It's worth treating as a tool for the practical and in-depth understanding of group dynamics. This book is particularly useful for leaders operating outside the traditional hierarchy structure, where power can often be complicated and relatable, as it offers strategies to build a sustainable, cohesive team, one that can withstand trials and conflict and come out stronger on the other side. Others working in organizations with a more traditional power from the top-down structure may find some concepts difficult to implement within the rigid structure. Regardless, The Empowerment Manual is a resource for anyone looking to strengthen group dynamics and build empowered and inclusive teams.
Starhawk touches on many themes central to collaboration, including how we relate to power (and privilege), conflict management, group accountability, and communication in cooperation. She stresses the importance of trust and transparency, again alluding to the fact that groups are more successful when every member feels valued, heard, and respected. One particularly strong motif is what Starhawk calls "shared power" in opposition to traditional leadership models. Instead of concentrating the power within one leader, Starhawk looks at how organizations can share the power — “affinity groups” who are empowered to take ownership of their tasks/interests and take action in service of the overall group’s mission.
Another key theme is resilience — Starhawk insists that resilient communities welcome conflict as a potential source of growth. Throughout the book, she spends a significant amount of time giving specific dialogue for conflict resolution and methods for avoiding tension to make disagreements a productive conversation, framing it instead as an inevitable part of collaboration. In fact, a mark of a good group is one that can navigate conflict and come out stronger on the other side. This guide contains exercises, reflections, and examples to illustrate these concepts to give groups a toolbox of anchors for greater cohesion and trust. The book discusses some intricate and specific dynamics of society, but Starhawk always ties in an anecdote or personal experience to help the reader understand.
The Empowerment Manual is relatable and informative, filled with practical wisdom for people interested in working together. While deceptively simple in style, Starhawk strikes a number of powerful notes with both personal narrative and tactile strategy, providing an accessible read. She is also uniquely candid in addressing group dynamics; she recognizes the reality of power struggles, burnout, or unaddressed conflicts. Instead of downplaying the issue, she honestly talks about it. The reader gets the sense that they are not alone in struggling with these issues, which is one of the best things about this book.
But even with such a great resource as this book, some sections could be trimmed here and there to keep the rhythm flowing. Starhawk’s in-depth descriptions of group dynamics sometimes come off as a little repetitive, particularly for readers familiar with the basic principles around collaborative leadership. Working through this book as a group, the club regularly stated that some of the author’s insight and examples were too niche, which lost the audience in the nitty gritty. Nonetheless, the text manages to get its thesis successfully across: It is indeed possible to build positive ecosystems of collaboration that empower, are sustainable, and respectful, but it requires effort, conscious awareness of designs and mechanisms behind such environments, and proper tools.
The voice of Starhawk is intimate and specific; she reels her audience in with stories and examples. She also writes in a commanding way, with authority rooted in years of experience; she shows a superior level of knowledge while simultaneously feeling relatable. Although some of the author’s stories become so specific that they lose the ability to resonate with a broad audience, it is clear that she writes from the perspective of someone who has been there and done it. She writes about her experience working together but encourages us to be open to learning and growing. The book's structure is clear, and every chapter builds on the previous to facilitate a complete understanding of collaborative empowerment. She jumps perfectly from one thing to another, albeit with a few cumbersome specifics, and the order is logical, which allows the reader to make associations more easily with her ideas and apply them to practice.
Whether you are a nonprofit leader, social activist, educator, or community organizer, if your work involves the need for collaboration, this book is an essential read. It's worth treating as a tool for the practical and in-depth understanding of group dynamics. This book is particularly useful for leaders operating outside the traditional hierarchy structure, where power can often be complicated and relatable, as it offers strategies to build a sustainable, cohesive team, one that can withstand trials and conflict and come out stronger on the other side. Others working in organizations with a more traditional power from the top-down structure may find some concepts difficult to implement within the rigid structure. Regardless, The Empowerment Manual is a resource for anyone looking to strengthen group dynamics and build empowered and inclusive teams.
November 27, 2022
I have a confession to make right from the beginning: When I saw the book title, I was encouraged that this would indeed be an exciting read that would help improve my ongoing quest to deal better with collaborative groups. When I saw the author's name, that encouragement turned to slight skepticism. Suddenly, I thought that the information inside this book would be a bit random and scattered, with instructions to perform naked dancing rituals and embark on an extended fast
…not that there is anything wrong with either. No judgment from me.
As the old saying goes, never judge a book by its cover ( or the Mononymous name of the author)
Within these pages exists a grounded air of wisdom and common sense. The author discusses how these attributes, as well as the need for communication, are instrumental when learning how to negotiate and collaborate with groups of people. The author views collaboration through a more holistic, inclusive lens rather than the standard academic texts. This approach and consequent examples and stories within the text allow the reader to take a thoughtful look into what makes up a group, and how each member of a group is necessary to fulfill the tasks at hand. As the author points out, collaborative groups are everywhere, and most of us belong to one or more.
The text flows well from one chapter to the next, which affords the reader an easy transition from one concept to another. It is certainly more of a well-written guide than a boring academic text, but some readers might focus more on the ‘new-age’ feel, thus missing the overall message. For this book’s message to be more universal in the application process, it would be helpful for some scenarios to be provided in a more mainstream manner. Although the method suggested for bringing different groups of people together made perfect sense, it is not necessarily something that can be repeated in a standard volunteer-based organization because its members come from a wide variety of different backgrounds and walk of life. Overall, I found the book an enjoyable read and the author’s voice remains consistently informative throughout. There is a sincerity of purpose in each chapter, where the hope is we can all learn to work better together, with the whole of humanity benefitting.
…not that there is anything wrong with either. No judgment from me.
As the old saying goes, never judge a book by its cover ( or the Mononymous name of the author)
Within these pages exists a grounded air of wisdom and common sense. The author discusses how these attributes, as well as the need for communication, are instrumental when learning how to negotiate and collaborate with groups of people. The author views collaboration through a more holistic, inclusive lens rather than the standard academic texts. This approach and consequent examples and stories within the text allow the reader to take a thoughtful look into what makes up a group, and how each member of a group is necessary to fulfill the tasks at hand. As the author points out, collaborative groups are everywhere, and most of us belong to one or more.
The text flows well from one chapter to the next, which affords the reader an easy transition from one concept to another. It is certainly more of a well-written guide than a boring academic text, but some readers might focus more on the ‘new-age’ feel, thus missing the overall message. For this book’s message to be more universal in the application process, it would be helpful for some scenarios to be provided in a more mainstream manner. Although the method suggested for bringing different groups of people together made perfect sense, it is not necessarily something that can be repeated in a standard volunteer-based organization because its members come from a wide variety of different backgrounds and walk of life. Overall, I found the book an enjoyable read and the author’s voice remains consistently informative throughout. There is a sincerity of purpose in each chapter, where the hope is we can all learn to work better together, with the whole of humanity benefitting.
December 2, 2022
The Empowerment Manual: A Guide for Collaborative Groups by Starhawk was an excellent read. Our Book Club group agreed that it deserved five stars. The book started by providing the reader with an overview of how the book is designed. It grounds one in the understanding of what a collaborative group is and its challenges. As the title mentions, this is a manual and includes exercises and meditations to be used at the reader’s discretion. It is a manual that tells a story of the Rootbound Ecovillage and a situation which involves collaboration. Early in the book the focus was on the foundation of collaboration and the crucial concept of vision. It includes an exercise of guided imagery to clarify the vision of a group. The chapter evolves into describing how the concepts values, intention, identifying goals, and governance play a part in setting the vision for the group. Midway through the book, the author spoke about the various levels of power: power-over, power-from-within, collective power/solidarity, power-with or social power, celebrity power and earned power and how the balance of power is more effective in the success or a group or organization. The author also spoke of the importance of effective communication and its impact on an organization. The end of the book focused on the "Six Types of Leadership," which consist of: Visionary, Coaching, Affiliative, Democratic, Unbalance Visionary, Unbalance Coaching, Unbalance Affiliative, Unbalance Democratic, Pacesetting, Commanding, Positive Pacesetter, and Positive Commander. The author also focused on the many conflicts the group experienced in the Rootbound Ecovillage journey and how they resolved the conflicts. This book is an excellent guide for group collaboration and leadership direction.
November 28, 2022
Starhawk est une activiste écoféministe et une figure du néo-paganisme sur lequel elle écrit plusieurs livres. Dans ce livre publié il y a plus de dix ans et traduit seulement en 2018 en français, elle propose un guide pratique pour s'organiser, pour faire des communautés et des organisations non hiérarchiques, basées sur des structures fluides et collectives qui mettent le consensus au centre des prises de décision.
J'ai un drôle de ressenti au moment de terminer ce livre. J'ai d'abord été emballé par l'introduction et le premier chapitre qui posent le cadre, avant d'être un peu troublé par la suite. Il y a des passages très intéressants, mais d'autres auxquels je n'ai pas été sensible. Je n’ai notamment pas été convaincu par les rituels ni par certains outils et grilles d’analyse proposés par l’autrice. J’ai également été perturbé par l’aspect spirituel de certains propos. Par contre, les considérations sur la gestion des conflits et des personnalités difficiles m’ont semblé pertinentes.
Globalement, je sors tout de même un peu déçu de cette lecture, peut-être parce que j’en attendais beaucoup ou que je m’en étais fait une idée différente. Je pense que c’est un guide qui pourrait être très utile à des communautés tentées par des organisations horizontales, et nous en avons grand besoin pour faire face aux défis de ce siècle, mais je ne suis pas certain de pouvoir l’appliquer moi-même dans ma vie quotidienne.
J'ai un drôle de ressenti au moment de terminer ce livre. J'ai d'abord été emballé par l'introduction et le premier chapitre qui posent le cadre, avant d'être un peu troublé par la suite. Il y a des passages très intéressants, mais d'autres auxquels je n'ai pas été sensible. Je n’ai notamment pas été convaincu par les rituels ni par certains outils et grilles d’analyse proposés par l’autrice. J’ai également été perturbé par l’aspect spirituel de certains propos. Par contre, les considérations sur la gestion des conflits et des personnalités difficiles m’ont semblé pertinentes.
Globalement, je sors tout de même un peu déçu de cette lecture, peut-être parce que j’en attendais beaucoup ou que je m’en étais fait une idée différente. Je pense que c’est un guide qui pourrait être très utile à des communautés tentées par des organisations horizontales, et nous en avons grand besoin pour faire face aux défis de ce siècle, mais je ne suis pas certain de pouvoir l’appliquer moi-même dans ma vie quotidienne.
August 5, 2025
“People can be damn difficult—but Starhawk shows us how to thrive together anyway.”
Introduction
The Empowerment Manual is more than a guidebook, it is a manifesto for anyone who still believes in collective action and messy, meaningful collaboration. Written by activist and author Starhawk, this manual belongs on the shelf of anyone who has ever dared to start a cooperative, run a consensus-based group, or survive a community meeting by laughing to stop yourself from crying. Blending nonfiction, self-help, and group dynamics, it offers a visionary yet grounded framework for collaborative leadership that is equal parts witchcraft and workshop. The book earns a full five stars not because it offers easy answers, but because it does not hesitate to address the hard truths. Such as that most idealistic groups implode not from external factors, but from within.
Summary
At the heart of the book is a paradox: collaborative groups seek equality, inclusion, and shared power but people, as Starhawk bluntly puts it, are “damn difficult to get along with.” The Empowerment Manual provides both the way and the means through theory and tools to help navigate this reality. Using the Talisman of Healthy Community (a visual symbol emphasizing vision, power, responsibility, communication, and trust), the book takes readers through a developmental arc, exploring vision-setting, power dynamics, communication challenges, leadership roles, and conflict resolution. Concepts like the Axis of Action (balancing power and responsibility) and the Axis of Learning (trust and communication), work together to form the compass for collaborative health. Throughout the book there are concrete practices like grounding rituals, visioning exercises, and “Dragon” and “Spider” roles that bridge the gap between the ancient and the modern.
Critique
Starhawk’s voice is both mystical and practical, with lines that cut through decades of nonprofit dysfunction like knife though butter. Her words are accessible and often poetic yet extremely grounded in reality. What makes the book successful is its refusal to gloss over the chaos of collaboration. Instead of blaming individuals, it examines the structure. Instead of preaching empowerment, it shows us how to create it for ourselves, building trust, shared leadership, and accountability. A standout idea in this book is its insight that “leaderless” does not mean without leadership, it means leaderful, and that rotating roles and responsibilities are key to equity. If there is a critique, it is that readers unused to metaphor-heavy frameworks (e.g., the directional/spiritual symbolism of dragons, crows, snakes) may feel a bit put off by the choice of language. Hopefully, every reader, even the skeptics, will appreciate the practical guidance on conflict, power dynamics, and trust-building.
Organization and Voice
The manual’s structure flows like a ritual which is doubtlessly intentional. Beginning with intention (vision), moving through challenge (power and conflict), and closing in growth and renewal (shared leadership and sustainability). Starhawk’s voice is compelling: wise but unpretentious, fierce in its convictions, and always deeply empathetic. Transitions between topics are smooth, and case examples (like RootBound Ecovillage which is prevalent throughout) provide narrative buttresses to hold up abstract concepts.
Mechanics and Language
The language is vivid and accessible to the average reader. Key terms, like “power-from-within” or “empowerment to the midline,” linger in the reader’s mind long after you finish. Exercises and checklists are clearly explained, and her quotations, while succinct, avoid the empty platitudes of some leadership books. One can feel Starhawk is writing with the activist's heart and organizer's hand in every passage.
Effectiveness
This is not a book for the apathetic or the authoritarian. It is best utilized by facilitators, nonprofit leaders, activists, educators, community organizers, collaborators, and anyone tired of top-down models that burn people out and result in lost ideas. It is also a surprisingly useful companion for HOAs, student groups, or anyone working in consensus models, especially in an increasingly polarized world where communication and trust are the first casualties. Starhawk’s insights into responsibility- sharing, communication breakdowns, and fluid leadership are not only revelatory, they resonate long after the last page is turned.
Introduction
The Empowerment Manual is more than a guidebook, it is a manifesto for anyone who still believes in collective action and messy, meaningful collaboration. Written by activist and author Starhawk, this manual belongs on the shelf of anyone who has ever dared to start a cooperative, run a consensus-based group, or survive a community meeting by laughing to stop yourself from crying. Blending nonfiction, self-help, and group dynamics, it offers a visionary yet grounded framework for collaborative leadership that is equal parts witchcraft and workshop. The book earns a full five stars not because it offers easy answers, but because it does not hesitate to address the hard truths. Such as that most idealistic groups implode not from external factors, but from within.
Summary
At the heart of the book is a paradox: collaborative groups seek equality, inclusion, and shared power but people, as Starhawk bluntly puts it, are “damn difficult to get along with.” The Empowerment Manual provides both the way and the means through theory and tools to help navigate this reality. Using the Talisman of Healthy Community (a visual symbol emphasizing vision, power, responsibility, communication, and trust), the book takes readers through a developmental arc, exploring vision-setting, power dynamics, communication challenges, leadership roles, and conflict resolution. Concepts like the Axis of Action (balancing power and responsibility) and the Axis of Learning (trust and communication), work together to form the compass for collaborative health. Throughout the book there are concrete practices like grounding rituals, visioning exercises, and “Dragon” and “Spider” roles that bridge the gap between the ancient and the modern.
Critique
Starhawk’s voice is both mystical and practical, with lines that cut through decades of nonprofit dysfunction like knife though butter. Her words are accessible and often poetic yet extremely grounded in reality. What makes the book successful is its refusal to gloss over the chaos of collaboration. Instead of blaming individuals, it examines the structure. Instead of preaching empowerment, it shows us how to create it for ourselves, building trust, shared leadership, and accountability. A standout idea in this book is its insight that “leaderless” does not mean without leadership, it means leaderful, and that rotating roles and responsibilities are key to equity. If there is a critique, it is that readers unused to metaphor-heavy frameworks (e.g., the directional/spiritual symbolism of dragons, crows, snakes) may feel a bit put off by the choice of language. Hopefully, every reader, even the skeptics, will appreciate the practical guidance on conflict, power dynamics, and trust-building.
Organization and Voice
The manual’s structure flows like a ritual which is doubtlessly intentional. Beginning with intention (vision), moving through challenge (power and conflict), and closing in growth and renewal (shared leadership and sustainability). Starhawk’s voice is compelling: wise but unpretentious, fierce in its convictions, and always deeply empathetic. Transitions between topics are smooth, and case examples (like RootBound Ecovillage which is prevalent throughout) provide narrative buttresses to hold up abstract concepts.
Mechanics and Language
The language is vivid and accessible to the average reader. Key terms, like “power-from-within” or “empowerment to the midline,” linger in the reader’s mind long after you finish. Exercises and checklists are clearly explained, and her quotations, while succinct, avoid the empty platitudes of some leadership books. One can feel Starhawk is writing with the activist's heart and organizer's hand in every passage.
Effectiveness
This is not a book for the apathetic or the authoritarian. It is best utilized by facilitators, nonprofit leaders, activists, educators, community organizers, collaborators, and anyone tired of top-down models that burn people out and result in lost ideas. It is also a surprisingly useful companion for HOAs, student groups, or anyone working in consensus models, especially in an increasingly polarized world where communication and trust are the first casualties. Starhawk’s insights into responsibility- sharing, communication breakdowns, and fluid leadership are not only revelatory, they resonate long after the last page is turned.
October 23, 2020
It is probably a good piece of advice to mentally discount the worth and perspective of anyone who writes a book and calls oneself Starhawk, as anyone who would call themselves by that name as an adult likely has some serious problems, as this author definitely does. What is especially disappointing about this book is that there is material here that could be useful, if it had been written from a less warped perspective. Indeed, it can safely be said that I am not the desired reader for this book on multiple grounds, as the author tragically associates empowerment and collaborative groups with heathen religious beliefs (the author herself is a proud witch and talks about people having roles like dragons, snakes, and spiders, clearly drawing from the dark arts of Satanism) as well as with leftist politics. This book is aimed as a practical guide to help other heathen earth-worshiping leftists to acquire the necessary community skills to run collaborative groups and check their privilege and engage in groupthink all while holding themselves to be enlightened sorts of people despite the moral chaos and disorder of their worthless and wicked lives. This is a case where an author assumes that she is speaking to insiders when she is in fact speaking, in the case of myself as a reader, to an outsider who holds her religious and political worldviews in extreme contempt.
This book is a bit more than 250 pages and is divided into 9 chapters. After acknowledgements, the book begins with a chapter that discusses the contemporary period as a new era of empowerment, which introduces the content and discusses the structure and the author's approach (1). This is followed by a discussion of the book's parable of empowerment in the Danish RootBound Ecovillage (2) and its human problems. After this comes a discussion of the circle of vision, including the importance of shared values, intentions, goals, and governance (3). Then comes a look at the axis of action and questions of power and responsibility, as well as some typical leftist whining about privilege and social power (4). After this comes a discussion of the axis of learning, dealing with questions of communication and trust (5). This is then followed by a look at leadership roles in leaderless groups (6), how to embrace conflict and learn to constructively disagree (7). There is a chapter after this on dealing with people whose experienced of trauma and whose hidden agendas make them "difficult" (8), and finally a chapter on a look at groups that work (9) from the perspective of the author, after which there are endnotes, a bibliography and list of references, an index, and information about the author.
The end result is that this book is a complete failure, but it is a failure of an instructive kind. The ideas that this book discusses are ones that would be very useful to people who do not happen to share the author's worldview. Indeed, even those people who do share the author's unfortunate and mistaken worldview would be able to get something out of this book if they recognize that the people they hate so much have at least as much in terms of skills at communication as they do. Given the manifest failures of groups to work together because of the shared flawed human nature that we possess, it would be good if the readers of this book (and the author!) turned the insight about the shared human nature that we struggle with into an avoidance of the holier than thou approach that tends to come from the "tolerant" left. This is a book that has potential, but is derailed by the distance that exists between the writer and the reader and between the writer and reality, even if the recognition of flawed human nature being a part of the left as well as the right is a way forward for the reader should she have the self-awareness to follow it.
This book is a bit more than 250 pages and is divided into 9 chapters. After acknowledgements, the book begins with a chapter that discusses the contemporary period as a new era of empowerment, which introduces the content and discusses the structure and the author's approach (1). This is followed by a discussion of the book's parable of empowerment in the Danish RootBound Ecovillage (2) and its human problems. After this comes a discussion of the circle of vision, including the importance of shared values, intentions, goals, and governance (3). Then comes a look at the axis of action and questions of power and responsibility, as well as some typical leftist whining about privilege and social power (4). After this comes a discussion of the axis of learning, dealing with questions of communication and trust (5). This is then followed by a look at leadership roles in leaderless groups (6), how to embrace conflict and learn to constructively disagree (7). There is a chapter after this on dealing with people whose experienced of trauma and whose hidden agendas make them "difficult" (8), and finally a chapter on a look at groups that work (9) from the perspective of the author, after which there are endnotes, a bibliography and list of references, an index, and information about the author.
The end result is that this book is a complete failure, but it is a failure of an instructive kind. The ideas that this book discusses are ones that would be very useful to people who do not happen to share the author's worldview. Indeed, even those people who do share the author's unfortunate and mistaken worldview would be able to get something out of this book if they recognize that the people they hate so much have at least as much in terms of skills at communication as they do. Given the manifest failures of groups to work together because of the shared flawed human nature that we possess, it would be good if the readers of this book (and the author!) turned the insight about the shared human nature that we struggle with into an avoidance of the holier than thou approach that tends to come from the "tolerant" left. This is a book that has potential, but is derailed by the distance that exists between the writer and the reader and between the writer and reality, even if the recognition of flawed human nature being a part of the left as well as the right is a way forward for the reader should she have the self-awareness to follow it.
August 6, 2025
Why is collaboration so difficult even among people with shared values and vision? The Empowerment Manual: A Guide for Collaborative Groups by Starhawk explores this question with a mix of political insight, emotional intelligence, and spiritual grounding. Starhawk, a longtime activist and spiritual leader, blends stories and strategies that help readers build trust, make decisions, and stay resilient. While the book’s depth may overwhelm some, others may find it not only affirming but helpful. One way to sum up the experience of this read is that it is a spiritual survival guide for those brave enough to believe that collaboration can work.
The Empowerment Manual introduces and explores the concept of collaborative groups as a systemic structure centered on equality, shared ownership, and collaboration, as opposed to traditional groups with hierarchical structures. Starhawk utilizes a case study about the Root Bound Ecovillage, a fictional collaborative community in which conflicts arise between its members. Throughout the text, several themes and ideas are explored in connection with the case study to describe key concepts for effective group collaboration, such as the four pillars, having a clear, shared vision, the relationship between power and responsibility, and the distribution of leadership in a setting where there is no one leader. Additionally, the book emphasizes the importance of communication, particularly in everyday and high-stakes situations where conflict arises or when challenged with difficult personalities in a group setting. Starhawk emphasizes the importance of constructive conflict to the growth of collaborative groups. The manual engages the reader in applying the concepts in real-world settings by incorporating reflective and practical exercises in each chapter.
The Empowerment Manual provides readers with a grounded and heartfelt framework for groups working toward shared leadership and social change. The central message is that collaboration rooted in equity, trust, and reflective practice is not only possible but powerful, and it feels especially relevant in today's climate. Starhawk's lived experience as an activist and community organizer shines through in both her wisdom and her tools. There is clear intention behind every chapter.
That said, the structure of the book can feel a little uneven. The shifts between fictional narrative, practical handbook-style guidance, and spiritual reflection are ambitious but not always cohesive. At times, it felt a bit repetitive. For readers looking for a more straightforward or traditionally academic leadership text, those transitions might be tough to navigate. The fictional 'Serpent Power' storyline aims to bring the lessons to life, but at times it pulls focus away from the more immediately applicable material.
Still, there is a lot here that works, and the book ultimately succeeds in hitting its target. The chapters on power dynamics, facilitation, burnout, and sustainability are particularly strong. They offer clarity and real-world resonance for those navigating the complexities of collective leadership. This is not a book you necessarily read straight through once and are done with it; it is one you return to in pieces, depending on what your group is facing at the moment. For those in activist, community-based, or values-driven settings, it will likely feel like a homecoming. For others, a little translation and flexibility may be needed, but there is still plenty worth taking with you.
The Empowerment Manual introduces and explores the concept of collaborative groups as a systemic structure centered on equality, shared ownership, and collaboration, as opposed to traditional groups with hierarchical structures. Starhawk utilizes a case study about the Root Bound Ecovillage, a fictional collaborative community in which conflicts arise between its members. Throughout the text, several themes and ideas are explored in connection with the case study to describe key concepts for effective group collaboration, such as the four pillars, having a clear, shared vision, the relationship between power and responsibility, and the distribution of leadership in a setting where there is no one leader. Additionally, the book emphasizes the importance of communication, particularly in everyday and high-stakes situations where conflict arises or when challenged with difficult personalities in a group setting. Starhawk emphasizes the importance of constructive conflict to the growth of collaborative groups. The manual engages the reader in applying the concepts in real-world settings by incorporating reflective and practical exercises in each chapter.
The Empowerment Manual provides readers with a grounded and heartfelt framework for groups working toward shared leadership and social change. The central message is that collaboration rooted in equity, trust, and reflective practice is not only possible but powerful, and it feels especially relevant in today's climate. Starhawk's lived experience as an activist and community organizer shines through in both her wisdom and her tools. There is clear intention behind every chapter.
That said, the structure of the book can feel a little uneven. The shifts between fictional narrative, practical handbook-style guidance, and spiritual reflection are ambitious but not always cohesive. At times, it felt a bit repetitive. For readers looking for a more straightforward or traditionally academic leadership text, those transitions might be tough to navigate. The fictional 'Serpent Power' storyline aims to bring the lessons to life, but at times it pulls focus away from the more immediately applicable material.
Still, there is a lot here that works, and the book ultimately succeeds in hitting its target. The chapters on power dynamics, facilitation, burnout, and sustainability are particularly strong. They offer clarity and real-world resonance for those navigating the complexities of collective leadership. This is not a book you necessarily read straight through once and are done with it; it is one you return to in pieces, depending on what your group is facing at the moment. For those in activist, community-based, or values-driven settings, it will likely feel like a homecoming. For others, a little translation and flexibility may be needed, but there is still plenty worth taking with you.
March 5, 2024
I was set chapter 2 of this book as a basis for an initial discussion meeting in my local (Industrial Workers of the World, IWW) union branch.
I found the included storyline of a fictional collaborative group intriguing but was somewhat put off by the (as I saw it) spiritual/hippy orientation of the author. In addition, I found the end of the chapter, which concluded with a rather cryptic description of an info-graphic, “The Talisman of Healthy Community”, without further exploration, for me, at least, very unsatisfying.
However, reading on – purely with the aim of finding out what happened to the imagined group introduced in chapter 2 – I was rewarded by a much more interesting and authoritative survey of ways of viewing collaborative groups, common structural pitfalls, and guidelines/recipes for improving their functionality.
I like the example quoted of Geronimo as an “empowering leader”:
“The role of an empowering leader is not to wield all the power in the group, but to spread it around, to create and defend a habitat where power-from-within can flourish in everyone. Empowering leaders do not command or issue orders. They lead by inspiration and persuasion.”
“Instead of a chief, the Apaches had a Nant’an — a spiritual and cultural leader. The Nant’an led by example and held no coercive power. tribal members followed the Nant’an because they wanted to, not because they had to. one of the most famous Nant’ans in history was Geronimo, who defended his people from the American forces for decades. Geronimo never commanded an army. rather, he himself started fighting, and everyone around him joined in. The idea was, “If Geronimo is taking arms, maybe it’s a good idea. Geronimo’s been right in the past, so it makes sense to fight alongside him.” You wanted to follow Geronimo? Then you followed Geronimo. You didn’t want to follow him? Then you didn’t. The power lay with each individual, you were free to do what you wanted.”
(Source: Brafman, Ori and Rod A. Beckstrom, The Starfish and the Spider: The Unstoppable Power of Leaderless Organizations, Penguin, 2008.)
After almost a decade of very active participation in leftwing political / issue campaign groups, the issues raised and discussed in this book have resonance for me and I found it very instructive. I read rather quickly through the bulk of the book, and don’t necessarily recommend all the author’s analysis and guidance. But as a basis for raising self-reflective consciousness of participants in collaborative groups, and improving their functionality, this manual should serve very well.
I found the included storyline of a fictional collaborative group intriguing but was somewhat put off by the (as I saw it) spiritual/hippy orientation of the author. In addition, I found the end of the chapter, which concluded with a rather cryptic description of an info-graphic, “The Talisman of Healthy Community”, without further exploration, for me, at least, very unsatisfying.
However, reading on – purely with the aim of finding out what happened to the imagined group introduced in chapter 2 – I was rewarded by a much more interesting and authoritative survey of ways of viewing collaborative groups, common structural pitfalls, and guidelines/recipes for improving their functionality.
I like the example quoted of Geronimo as an “empowering leader”:
“The role of an empowering leader is not to wield all the power in the group, but to spread it around, to create and defend a habitat where power-from-within can flourish in everyone. Empowering leaders do not command or issue orders. They lead by inspiration and persuasion.”
“Instead of a chief, the Apaches had a Nant’an — a spiritual and cultural leader. The Nant’an led by example and held no coercive power. tribal members followed the Nant’an because they wanted to, not because they had to. one of the most famous Nant’ans in history was Geronimo, who defended his people from the American forces for decades. Geronimo never commanded an army. rather, he himself started fighting, and everyone around him joined in. The idea was, “If Geronimo is taking arms, maybe it’s a good idea. Geronimo’s been right in the past, so it makes sense to fight alongside him.” You wanted to follow Geronimo? Then you followed Geronimo. You didn’t want to follow him? Then you didn’t. The power lay with each individual, you were free to do what you wanted.”
(Source: Brafman, Ori and Rod A. Beckstrom, The Starfish and the Spider: The Unstoppable Power of Leaderless Organizations, Penguin, 2008.)
After almost a decade of very active participation in leftwing political / issue campaign groups, the issues raised and discussed in this book have resonance for me and I found it very instructive. I read rather quickly through the bulk of the book, and don’t necessarily recommend all the author’s analysis and guidance. But as a basis for raising self-reflective consciousness of participants in collaborative groups, and improving their functionality, this manual should serve very well.
August 2, 2024
Starhawk’s manual provided an overview of how collaborative groups prosper and operate. The author highlighted that collaborative groups have the ability to elevate their power within their groups. While the conflicts highlighted throughout the book are real examples, the fictitious community was developed to elevate common issues groups encounter. Starhawk addressed group dynamics, effective communication, and collaborative decision-making throughout the manual. Starhawk anchored these concepts through The Circle of Vision, Axis of Action, and Action of Learning. Starhawk uses examples to explain the concepts she unveils and incorporates discussion prompts throughout the chapters.
Starhawk’s use of the RootBound Community as an example of collaboration principles focused on a spiritual-centered or communal group theme. This emphasis limits the application of these techniques to hierarchical structures or the public sector, making them more suitable for collectives or communal groups. Some techniques may be inappropriate for the public sector, reducing their flexibility to incorporate globalization and worldwide perspectives.
There is little empirical evidence supporting the effectiveness or improvement of organizational performance. Claims and outcomes need to be backed by research. Starhawk relies on personal experiences and self-referencing to validate the claims and outcomes of the RootBound Community. Starhawk (2024) explains that despite pitfalls and frustrations, collaborative organizations allow people to band together in ways that honor the core worth, creativity, and potential in each of us. However, the examples and platforms used do not easily transfer to classroom or public sector use.
Despite many things in the book that did not resonate with our book club, there were some concepts that we found to be useful even to those who do not share Starhawk’s worldview. The book presented good information for understanding group dynamics and provided practical methods for managing some of the more challenging personalities that one may find in collaborative groups. Our group gravitated to the idea of leadership not being a particular person but a set of roles and functions. Although this is not practical in a structured or hierarchical organization, this concept allows for all group members to be empowered and leadership roles to be assumed by those with the capacity to fill the need or void at that time in groups that have flexibility and fluidity.
Reviewed by -- DM, NS and DW
Starhawk’s use of the RootBound Community as an example of collaboration principles focused on a spiritual-centered or communal group theme. This emphasis limits the application of these techniques to hierarchical structures or the public sector, making them more suitable for collectives or communal groups. Some techniques may be inappropriate for the public sector, reducing their flexibility to incorporate globalization and worldwide perspectives.
There is little empirical evidence supporting the effectiveness or improvement of organizational performance. Claims and outcomes need to be backed by research. Starhawk relies on personal experiences and self-referencing to validate the claims and outcomes of the RootBound Community. Starhawk (2024) explains that despite pitfalls and frustrations, collaborative organizations allow people to band together in ways that honor the core worth, creativity, and potential in each of us. However, the examples and platforms used do not easily transfer to classroom or public sector use.
Despite many things in the book that did not resonate with our book club, there were some concepts that we found to be useful even to those who do not share Starhawk’s worldview. The book presented good information for understanding group dynamics and provided practical methods for managing some of the more challenging personalities that one may find in collaborative groups. Our group gravitated to the idea of leadership not being a particular person but a set of roles and functions. Although this is not practical in a structured or hierarchical organization, this concept allows for all group members to be empowered and leadership roles to be assumed by those with the capacity to fill the need or void at that time in groups that have flexibility and fluidity.
Reviewed by -- DM, NS and DW
August 3, 2023
The Empowerment Manual: A Guide for Collaborative Groups is a true aid in development for the entire mindset and incorporation of collaboration. In reading other guides of the past that give pointers of how to process and become better by only focusing on one particular area. In this case, Starhawk gets to the root of every component that attributes to the collaborative process overall. The fact of the matter is that when we are trying to collaborate, there has to be consideration for the elements of those that are involved in the respective projects, the organization, and the individuals alike. Starhawk challenges the reader to examine each of these elements with emotional intelligence and aptitude. One of the most intricate parts of the book is where Starhawk shares the effective ways of dealing with "difficult people" while incorporating different coaching suggestions, which were all contingent upon the respective situations that a leader may be within. To this point, the identification on one's personal style is something that is key--with the examples provided, this was something that the reader can align with according to the individual style. Above all else, too, it allows for those collaborating/leaders to identify the different types of styles and how they can interact with others as well. Even within a program of study that I am currently amidst taking, the information helps in the journey based on the insights that it provides and (seemingly) remedies as well.
I read this book in a book club this summer and am glad that I did because it is preparing me for what I currently do and will continue to do within my career. In this, I am grateful for the timeliness of this read overall. Thank you Starhawk for the advice and helping me to align with the "big picture" further!
I read this book in a book club this summer and am glad that I did because it is preparing me for what I currently do and will continue to do within my career. In this, I am grateful for the timeliness of this read overall. Thank you Starhawk for the advice and helping me to align with the "big picture" further!
August 5, 2025
If you've ever been part of a group that completely lacked organization, fairness, and transparent partnership, we highly recommend book that you read this book! Starhawk has a great philosophical approach when discussing a variety of techniques and approaches to ensure effective collaboration within team dynamics. She provides real-world case studies with solid research, and our book club were able to realistically resonate with her objectivism when sharing personal experiences. One particular discussion that stood out in Starhawk's book was the concept of reframing power. We learned that instead of looking to one person to exercise leadership and control all the decisions, Starhawk reframes the whole approach, showing how distribution of that power helps groups accomplish more together. We enjoyed the fact the author doesn't shy away from believing that collaboration is all sunshine and rainbows. She gets real about why people are scared to step up as leaders, how we love to point fingers when things go wrong, and the weird approaches to hog responsibility or run away from it completely.
Overall, Starhawk offers excellent insight and approaches with collaborative techniques as many team structures can become complex. If you work with people in any capacity or simply wish to gather a deeper understanding to become a better leader, then this book will change your approach in essence.
-S.H., W.M., K.R., and E.R. (ED704)
Overall, Starhawk offers excellent insight and approaches with collaborative techniques as many team structures can become complex. If you work with people in any capacity or simply wish to gather a deeper understanding to become a better leader, then this book will change your approach in essence.
-S.H., W.M., K.R., and E.R. (ED704)
August 5, 2022
In The Empowerment Manual, the author Starhawk holds a firm belief that our ability to be empowered comes from within ourselves and the inner strength we all possess. Her focus in this manual is the importance of working collaboratively in groups to nurture our inner empowerment. She uses decades worth of personal experiences in her spiritual networks as well as different case studies to create a fictional cohousing community used to explain the concepts she introduces in the manual. Through the story and interactions of the community, she discusses the importance of themes such as creating a shared vision and values, balancing of power, building trust, empowering people, and handling conflict when working collaboratively.
My small group was assigned this book to discuss in a book club as part of an assignment in our Professional Collaboration and Engagement course. If not assigned, it would not have been my first choice of the numerous available references on how to build successful collaborative groups. I was unable to relate the examples of Goddess worshipers, Pagan communities, and spiritual teachers to my own field and experiences. However, getting past the examples and fictional stories, she does provide some useful tools to help build collaborative teams that thrive and empower members to achieve shared goals.
My small group was assigned this book to discuss in a book club as part of an assignment in our Professional Collaboration and Engagement course. If not assigned, it would not have been my first choice of the numerous available references on how to build successful collaborative groups. I was unable to relate the examples of Goddess worshipers, Pagan communities, and spiritual teachers to my own field and experiences. However, getting past the examples and fictional stories, she does provide some useful tools to help build collaborative teams that thrive and empower members to achieve shared goals.
April 1, 2024
Seuls défauts: le livre est un peu long pour le contenu qu’il présente, ce qui traduit peut-être un défaut de structure (ou alors le fait qu’il n’est en réalité pas dédié nécessairement à une lecture exhaustive mais plutôt à une consultation ponctuelle).
Cela dit, le manuel est très bien illustré par toutes sortes de situations, il présente bien les différentes typologies de personnes comme les différentes problématiques types de la vie de groupe. Il a le grand avantage de proposer systématiquement des pistes de travail qui ne sont pas de simples recettes naïves mais plutôt des lignes d’actions toujours respectueuses.
Il témoigne enfin de l’importance de cultiver une bonne distance comme un certain sens de l’humour, face à ce qui se présente, dans nos vies d’êtres humains, imparfaits, et… éminament sociaux!
March 28, 2018
This book uses a fictional (but based on real experiences) co-housing group to explore the many challenges that arise when humans come together to achieve shared goals & advocate for causes. The scenarios might be a little bit exaggerated for humorous effect, but they're certainly relatable.
The author manages the delicate balance of really GETTING humans and how we work, while maintaining optimism, and while Starhawk is well known-ish as a pagan writer, this isn't really faith-specific, most of what's here would have relevance to people of a variety of faiths, or none.
The author manages the delicate balance of really GETTING humans and how we work, while maintaining optimism, and while Starhawk is well known-ish as a pagan writer, this isn't really faith-specific, most of what's here would have relevance to people of a variety of faiths, or none.
September 4, 2020
A good guide on how to work together that will maybe force a bit of introspection onto the reader and reflect on how they can provide a sense of leadership-adjacent feedback and behaviour when they are in a collaborative situation. There's a funny scenario/case study in the book that helped make the chapters more concrete. Didn't expect it to be so useful!
November 26, 2021
If you are planning any type of group, circle or coven I would recommend this book. It doesn’t matter how big or small the group is there are many different scenarios and a good place to start conversation about the dynamics of the group.
February 29, 2020
A great lens through which to frame collaborative, participatory group dynamics. The book explores the pitfalls of collaborative, non hierarchical groups. Also: Starhawk.
January 1, 2021
Well articulated process with many examples of exercises, enquiry and structure. Enjoyed the hypothetical community experience.
February 12, 2022
Useful for communities
October 1, 2023
Awesome Starhawk writing!
February 6, 2017
The Empowerment Manual draws from Starhawk’s decades of involvement in progressive groups, spiritual communities, and cooperative living arrangements. She’s also read widely on the topic of how people organize themselves for a purpose. The Empowerment Manual combines the theory with the lived experience to create a practical and powerful guide for getting work done in collaborative groups.
More thoughts on my blog including how this is helping with an activist group that I'm in and some of my favorite quotes: The Empowerment Manual
More thoughts on my blog including how this is helping with an activist group that I'm in and some of my favorite quotes: The Empowerment Manual
December 6, 2013
A very thorough guide to working with collaborative groups of all time. The information contained within this book is invaluable for any group that does not have a clearly established "boss" or "leader" as well as providing good information for working with other people in general! Well worth it. I want to add this one to my permanent library.
January 27, 2015
An EXCELLENT book to help cut through the BS of working with others who all share a similar passion toward an end goal, but too many cooks start to spoil the broth. Helps organize everyone on the same page that GOES somewhere productive! I highly recommend for all participants in any "group" endeavor!!!
Want to read
August 9, 2012I found the section on the 'five-fold path to productive meetings' that she gave away as a free preview (for supporting her upcoming movie production) to be quite useful and productive for a broad audience.
October 30, 2013
A must-read for anyone involved in activism, non-profits, intentional community, or any other kinds of organized groups.
March 6, 2022
Incroyable et pratique
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