This is a useful, sensible guide to budgeting, paying off debt, and achieving financial stability (like being able to handle medical emergencies) for people with low-incomes, especially people struggling with loan payments.
I'm going to synthesize Ramsey's advice into my own words below:
1. Create an emergency fund. Open a savings account if you don't have one, and put effort into getting $1000 into it as soon as possible, even if it means cutting back spending, taking on extra work, or selling something. Use this money for emergencies only-- stuff like unexpected doctor's bills, car repair, etc. and try to refill it after you use it. Eventually, attempt to have 3-6 months of your budgeted expenses in an accessible savings account, so you don't have to rely on credit cards if you lose your job.
2. Create a budget that reflects both how you live and by what values you would like to live. First, asses your income (and if you have any, your assets... ha!) and your total monthly expenses, including debt and money you spend on fun stuff. Then, figure out what percentage of your income you spend on each category, like food, housing, and recreation. Compare your %s to those Ramsey recommends (and your own ideas). Note, Ramsey suggests allocating between 12% to a quarter of your income to personal and recreation stuff. If you stiff yourself in your budget, you won't follow it, because it won;t reflect hwo you want to live your life. Ramsey also stresses donating 10-15% of your income, even if money is tight. Money is rarely really that tight, and if it is, you can still donate time. (Ramsey comes from a Christian background and urges prayer and meditation too. I appreciated the way he emphasized that you cannot separate personal financial planning from personal values and morals)
Next, create a monthly cash-flow plan (basically, a budget), that allocates all of your income in a given month toward something. Allocate the money whether that something is regular and fixed, like a credit card bill or rent; is monthly but variable (in this case, estimate based on past experience [round up:]); or is irregular-- divide expenses that happen only a few times a year by twelve, so you can be sure to save enough for those expenses when the time comes to pay them. Include savings in your allocated money, and if your emergency fund is all saved up, put that money in something with higher interest, like a mutual fund (see below).
3. Pay off your debt using the "debt snowball." First, list your loans in order from smallest to largest. Pay the minimum on all if you can, but make an effort to put a little bit of extra money towards your loans, and direct that towards your smallest loan. Eventually, you'll pay that loan off. Now direct that loan's minimum payments to the next smallest loan. Once that's paid off, use that money to pay off the next smallest loan, and on. This will get rid of your loans faster then trying to pay off the largest or highest interest loan first.
If you can't afford even the minimum payments, create a "pro rata" plan, which means making proportionate payments on your loans out of an amount you determine you are able to spend, based on your budget. Say after all your expenses, like housing and food, you have $100 leftover that you can use for debt. You then figure out what percentage of your total debt each loan is, and pay your loans based not on the company's minimum payment, but each loan's percentage of your $100. By writing to the company and explaining your budget and pro rate plan, and by making regular payments, most creditors will leave you alone. Ramsey includes some legal info in the book explaining that while you're required to pay your debts, you aren't required to forgo basic living expenses to do it.
4. Get health insurance. First, save up the $1000 emergency fund. Once you have that, shop around to find cheap, "catastrophic" health insurance with a high a deductible and high co-pays. This shitty insurance will be the cheapest and provide the worst coverage for everyday medical expenses, but it will prevent a horrible accident or illness from saddling you with thousands of dollars or more in debt. Then, try to save the amount of the deductible in your emergency fund, so you are prepared to pay medical expenses, and have money available for routine exams.
5. Begin long-term savings. Ramsey suggests saving 10-15% of your monthly income. Put these savings into an account that gets a high rate of compound interest, like a mutual fund. Plan ahead and try to use long-term savings to buy things that you would otherwise need a loan for (or to reduce the amount you'd have to borrow): furniture, cars, travel. Ramsey also discusses saving for retirement, your kids college (save for retirement first-- kids can handle paying off their college loans easier then supporting aging parents), and buying a home. My favorite part about this book is his commitment to having a means within how you live: saving money isn't about becoming extravagantly wealthy, and it's important to donate and otherwise redistribute whatever wealth you accumulate by living modestly and saving a little.