This review originally ran in the San Jose Mercury News:
His image used to be found in every college dorm in the country: a man with a great blob of a nose, wearing a ridiculously tall hat and squinting suspiciously over the playing cards clutched in his gloved fingers. In the '60s, W.C. Fields joined Bogart, Brando and James Dean as icons of a generation's revolt against convention, complacency and sentimentality.
But the image that haunted me from James Curtis' new biography is captioned ''Whitey Dukenfield, circa 1892'' -- a narrow-shouldered tough with an askew necktie; he has a pale face, pale hair and pale eyes that look out warily above a dare-all mouth and jaw. It's W.C. Fields at 12 or 13, putting out the message that you don't want to mess with this kid.
Biography is about how images form and fade. We look to it for clues about how the famous emerged from the obscure, or in this case how a street urchin christened William Claude Dukenfield turned into W.C. Fields, tender-hearted misanthrope, klutzy con artist, irascible paterfamilias, master of the muttered aside and the polysyllabic quip -- ''everyone's disagreeable uncle,'' as Curtis puts it.
Fields was born in 1880 in Darby, Pa., on the Philadelphia fringes, to a working-class family. His father, Jim Dukenfield, had two fingers shot off in the Civil War, though Fields, who loathed his violent-tempered old man, claimed he had lost them picking pockets. Fields was closer to his mother, Kate, from whom he inherited the doughy nose -- in a portrait of the Dukenfield family, circa 1903, Kate eerily looks like the mature W.C. Fields in drag.
''By most accounts, Claude Dukenfield began running away from home at the age of nine,'' Curtis tells us, and ''he never claimed anything more than a spotty grade school eduction.'' But he read books with a passionate hunger -- the eccentric vocabulary of the characters Fields created surely comes out of an autodidact's fascination with words.
Fortunately, vaudeville, which as Curtis says ''was born at approximately the same time as W.C. Fields and in approximately the same place,'' offered a career open to talents. In Philadelphia, the ''Cradle of Vaudeville,'' all young Dukenfield needed was to find a talent. So he took up juggling, a not unlikely skill for a light-fingered youth already adept at shoplifting, and by the time he was 18 he was onstage, eventually truncating his name into W.C. Fields.
On the vaudeville circuit, he met Harriet Veronica Hughes, known as Hattie, and they married in San Francisco in April 1900. Hattie joined his act as the ''lovely assistant'' who was often the brunt of jokes, getting the blame whenever a juggling trick went bad. Having someone else in the act helpedFields develop his comic timing and his fuming persona.
Hattie became less essential to the act when Fields developed the first of his great routines, as a pool player struggling with a crooked cue and billiard balls that seemed to have minds of their own. And when their son, William C. Dukenfield Jr., was born in 1904, Hattie wanted to settle down, which the ever-touring Fields was both unable and unwilling to do.
Fields and Hattie separated but never divorced -- she was a Catholic -- and he came to detest his wife and feel contempt for his son, known as Claude, after it became clear that Hattie had a kind of Oedipal hold on the boy. (When Claude married, Curtis tells us, Hattie gave the couple twin beds as a wedding present.) Fields later worked this family dynamic into movies like 1935's ''The Man on the Flying Trapeze,'' in which, Curtis points out, ''The prune-faced, disapproving mother-in-law . . . was clearly patterned after his wife, Hattie,'' and the plump, pampered stepson played by Grady Sutton ''was deliberately named Claude.''
In 1915, Fields left the vaudeville circuit to appear in the Ziegfeld Follies, the most prestigious of all Broadway revues. Producer Florenz Ziegfeld created the Follies to display showgirls, not comedians, whose routines he usually wanted to cut to a minimum. Once, when someone pointed out to him that the audience was laughing hysterically at a Fields sketch, Ziegfeld insisted, ''They don't mean it.'' But in spite of his humor-impaired producer, Fields was a big success in the Follies, performing in them until 1921.
The Follies turned Fields from a juggler into a sketch comedian, and indirectly turned him into a drinker -- alcohol impaired the dexterity needed for juggling, but was less of a hindrance in sketch comedy. He also had an affair with a Follies showgirl, Bessie Poole, that led to the birth of his second child, a boy who was adopted by the sister-in-law of another Follies girl.
In 1923, he had a smash hit in the play ''Poppy,'' which helped launch his career as a feature film star when D.W. Griffith made it into the movie ''Sally of the Sawdust'' in 1925. Fields' silent features were mostly flops, but moviemaking appealed to a man pushing 50 and ready for something that looked less demanding than stage work.
So in 1931 he left the stage for good to try freelancing in Hollywood, where the arrival of sound had the studios welcoming Broadway performers. Fields' voice, Curtis observes, ''had the range and distinction of an antique pipe organ, and he used it to best advantage when wrapping it around a ten-dollar word or a surname he recalled from his Philadelphia childhood,'' such as Prettiwillie, Snavely or Muckle.
Movie success came slowly -- only later did some of his early films, such as ''Million Dollar Legs'' and ''International House,'' become celebrated as loony classics. He achieved some notoriety for his hostility toward the loathsomely adorable Baby LeRoy; their most famous moment comes in ''The Old Fashioned Way,'' in which Fields gives the baby a boot in the butt. (The nervous studio inserted a shot of the toddler grinning happily after the kick, to show that no harm was done, but the effect is really quite creepy, suggesting that the kid is a nascent masochist.)
In 1935, Fields gave one of his finest performances, in David O. Selznick's film of ''David Copperfield,'' playing the feckless but enduringly loyal Mr. Micawber. It's a near-definitive interpretation of the Dickens character, and once you've seen the film it's almost impossible to read the book without hearing the Fieldsian drawl in each of Micawber's lines.
But the iconic Fields really emerged in 1934 with ''It's a Gift,'' which along with ''The Bank Dick'' in 1940 represents the peak of Fields' artistry. In ''It's a Gift,'' Fields plays the put-upon Harold Bissonette (whose pretentious wife insists on pronouncing the name ''Bisson-ay''). He valiantly tries to save his store from the destruction wrought by the blind, cane-wielding Mr. Muckle, and later tries to nap on his back porch, only to be harassed by an insurance salesman searching for ''a man by the name of LaFong? Carl LaFong? Capital L, small a, capital F, small o, small n, small g. LaFong. Carl LaFong.''
Of the movies from Fields' peak years in Hollywood, there are cherishable moments in ''The Man on the Flying Trapeze,'' ''You Can't Cheat an HonestMan'' (1939) and the surreal ''Never Give a Sucker an Even Break'' (1941). On the other hand, the teaming of Fields and Mae West in ''My Little Chickadee'' (1940) sounds like a better idea than it turned out to be -- director Edward Cline's pacing is soggy, and West's immortal bawdry had been scrubbed clean by the censors.
Fields' stardom was achieved despite his alcoholism -- he spent nine months drying out in a sanitarium in 1936 and early 1937. By 1940 he had become ''the highest-paid movie star in the country, reporting more than $250,000 in earnings,'' Curtis notes. But ''Never Give a Sucker an Even Break,'' the last film in which he played the lead, was a colossal flop; as his health grew steadily worse he did old routines and cameos in forgettable films and made radio appearances until his death from cirrhosis of the liver, on Christmas Day, 1946.
Curtis has previously written biographies of Preston Sturges and ''Frankenstein'' director James Whale; this densely detailed biography is probably as close to a definitive account of Fields' life as we're likely to get. It's not a lot of fun, but biographies rarely are -- life tends not to have a happy ending. Still, Curtis gives us rich, colorful pictures of the places, people and institutions -- lower-class urban family life in the late 19th century, the hustle of vaudeville, the backstage intrigues of Broadway, the endless conflicts of talent and commerce in Hollywood -- that turned Whitey Dukenfield into W.C. Fields.