Ayan Jalut The Pools of Goliath-The Battle of Ain Jalut , the "Spring of Goliath") took place on 3 September 1260 between Mamluks and the Mongols in the southeastern Galilee, in the Jezreel Valley, north of Jerusalem The battle marked the high-water point of Mongol conquests, and was the first time a Mongol advance had ever been permanently beaten back in direct combat on the battlefield
Mamluk- slave warriors of Egypt , from Syria
Genghis Khan Mongol's-- founder died 1227
Mongols invaded Syria in 1240 took slaves and sold them to Egyptians for the army
Kutuz--master of the Mamluks and sultanof Egypt
Wives and children fought in the Mongol armies--disarming site for the Mamluks
Merlan--Templar prison in France
The Seven Offices: Matins,Prime,Terse, Sext,Nones,, Vespers, Compline
1260- The english king was Henry III (King John's son) and Eleanor(sister to Margaurite, wife of Louis IX of France). Son was Edward.
Henry's brother in law, the earl of Leichester was Simon de Montfort, who plotted to overthrow him. Edward escaped and fought the rebels at Evesham, killed de Montfort himself and freed his father , from Kenilworth. Daughter was Margarite who married the king of Scotland at age 10.
Mongols attacked Aleppa, Damascus and Bagdad and the Mamluks attempted to push them back
Mu'izziyya--The sultan's Royal Guard
Teutonic Knights from Germany
al firinjah-the Franks
King Louis- captured at Mansurah
Kumiz-fermented mare's milk
Order of the Assassins- founded in Persia, just before the first crusade- mandate was to destroy enemies of the faith shi'ah branch. Dagger weapon of murder thatthey used
Knights of Saint John-founders of the pilgrim hospitals Founded 20 years before the Templars.
Knights-vows of chastity, poverty and obedience
Black mantle--color of human sin. Could only wear white mantle when vow of chastity was taken.The white of a templar
Cathars-France.Recognized two Gods. One of supreme goodness and one of absolute evil.Purged by Rome
Hounds of God--inquisitors founded by St Dominic to root out the Cathars
Antioch--one of the five most holy sees of Christendom. First worship led by St Peter, himself.
Pierre de Pont Evesque
Templars answered to the Pope alone and stood outside the laws of kings and courts.
Paternoster-From at least as early as A.D. 1000, rosaries, paternosters or similar strings of prayer beads have been a common accessory carried by men and women, old and young.
Indeed, the small round objects we know in English as “beads” were named from this practice; the root of the English word bead is the same as for the word bid, and originally meant “to pray or request.”
Baybars-The Crossbow. head of Mamluks Baybars I, also spelled Baibars (born 1223, north of the Black Sea—died July 1, 1277, Damascus, Syria), most eminent of the Mamlūk sultans of Egypt and Syria, which he ruled from 1260 to 1277. He is noted both for his military campaigns against Mongols and crusaders and for his internal administrative reforms. The Sirat Baybars, a folk account purporting to be his life story, is still popular in the Arabic-speaking world.a Mamluk Sultan of Egypt. He was one of the commanders of the forces which inflicted a devastating defeat on the Seventh Crusade of King Louis IX of France and he led the vanguard of the Egyptian army at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260,which marked the first substantial defeat of the Mongol army and is considered a turning point in history.His reign marked the start of an age of Mamluk dominance in the Eastern Mediterranean and solidified the durability of their military system. He managed to pave the way for the end of the Crusader presence in Syria and to unite Egypt and Syria into one powerful state that was able to fend off threats from both Crusaders and Mongols.
-Plain of Sharon-fertile, between Joppa and Mount Carmel
Opinicus-a heraldic beast composed of a lion a camel and a dragon,
1095-Pope Urban II--called for first crusade
1099 took Jerusalem
1244-Saresens took Jerusalem back, the Korezminians---Khorezm, the most powerful Muslim state in the east
1244 Sultan Ayyab asked the Khorezminians to help him take back Palestine
Safed-the jewel of the Templars. a fortress within a fortress.In the Jordan Valley. Guarded the road from Acre to Damascus
Abbey of Saint Denis--necropolis of the kings of France
Knights Trophy-two knights astride a single horse
Animi Templi-the soul of the temple. members called the Brethern. Fiction
Perceval---Grail Romances---Perceval, the Story of the Grail is the unfinished fifth romance of Chrétien de Troyes. Probably written between 1181 and 1191, it is dedicated to Chrétien's patron Philip, Count of Flanders.[1] It is said by some scholars that during the time Chretien was writing Perceval, there was a political crisis taking place between the aristocracy, which included his patron, Phillipe de Flandre, and the monarchy, which may have influenced Chretien’s work.
Chrétien claimed to be working from a source given to him by Philip. The poem relates the adventures and growing pains of the young knight Perceval but the story breaks off, there follows an adventure of Gawain of similar length that also remains incomplete: there are some 9,000 lines in total, whereas Chretien's other romances seldom exceed 7,000 lines.
Later authors added 54,000 more lines in what are known collectively as the Four Continuations.Perceval is the earliest recorded account of what was to become the Quest for the Grail but describes only "a" golden grail (a serving dish) in the central scene and does not call it "holy" but treats a lance, appearing at the same time, as equally significant.
Leper-when diagnosed was forced to stand in an open grave and the requiem maswas said over them
Shahada-the statement of faith that was to be said into the Muslim's ear upon death" There is no God but God. Mohammed is his prophet."??????????
1250- seventh crusade, led by Louis--mansurah. His ransom paid by his wife, maurgarite.
Lambswool- a drink made of apples, nutmeg,ale and sugar.
Samite--was a luxurious and heavy silk fabric worn in the Middle Ages, of a twill-type weave, often including gold or silver thread
Antioch- walls built by Emperor Justinian. 18 mile long perimeter
Jabal bahra Mountains-strong hold of the assissins (at masyaf)
Remplars-at one time owned 40 bases in Outremer.
Leonardie-disease Richard the Lionheart had. Resembled scurvey. Wasting of body and loss of hair
. The Children's Crusade is the name given to a disastrous Crusade by Christian children to expel Muslims from the Holy Land said to have taken place in 1212.The Children's Crusade
The Children's Crusade is one of the more unusual events in Medieval England. The Children's Crusade took place after the Fourth Crusade. By the end of the Fourth Crusade (1202 to 1204), it was clear that the Christian crusaders had gained no long term success. In fact, the Fourth Crusade had been a disaster for the Christians as many crusaders had not even got to the Holy Land let alone fight for Jerusalem and many Christians had used the crusade as a means to plunder valuable goods from abroad. The Children's Crusade seemed to put some Christian belief back into crusading.
Two groups appeared in 1212 which seemed to indicate that the beliefs of the First Crusade were still alive.
In 1212, two groups - one from France, the other from Germany - set off on a crusade to the Holy Land. There was nothing unusual about this as many 'armies' had gathered before to fight the Muslims. The major difference about these two groups was that they were composed entirely of young children. These children became convinced that they would be protected by God and that because of this protection they would get to the Holy Land and take Jerusalem for the Christians.
Not a great deal is known about the Children's Crusade other than it was a disaster. The person who seemed to be in charge was a boy called Stephen of Cloyes. We know very little about him. We know that he was a shepherd and that in 1212 he was 12 years of age. With a peasant's background, he would not have been able to read or write and at his age he would have done very basic work around a farm.
In May 1212, it is said that he turned up at the court of King Philip of France and told him that he had a letter from Christ ordering him to organise a crusade. Not surprisingly, King Philip was not impressed by the 12 year old and told him to go away and come back when he was older!!
Regardless of this rejection, Stephen went around preaching to children about his letter from Jesus and his desire to go to the Holy Land to capture Jerusalem. He told his followers that crossing the Mediterranean or any other waterways was easy as the waters would part and they would walk across as they were protected by God. By June 1212, Stephen is said to have gathered 30,000 followers around him - all children.
As they marched south through France, they clearly had no idea of what to expect. Adults cheered them along the route. It was as if their innocence shone through and made their success a certainty.
The Roman Catholic Church was not so sure. The Children's Crusade was never officially a crusade as it was never blessed by the pope. However, this did not deter the children. The Church could not bless a 'crusade' that was doomed to failure but the Church also did not stop it. Why ? It is possible that the Church believed that the actions of the children might shame kings and emperors into getting a proper crusade going to capture Jerusalem.
The Children's Crusade was doomed to failure. Many of the children had never walked such distances before and for many the effort proved too much. The journey from Vendome to Marseilles caused many children to drop out. Some even died of exhaustion. The sea did not part as Stephen had said and they had to cross the Mediterranean Sea by boat.
The children boarded seven boats in Marseilles and that was the last anything was heard of them.
However many years later a priest returned from traveling around northern Africa and he claimed to have met some of the surviving children (now adults). He claimed that two of the seven ships had sunk killing all on board and that pirates had captured the other five ships and the children were sold into slavery. White skinned children were considered to be a valuable prize in Algerian and Egyptian slave markets.
There is no proof that any of this is true as none of the children who left Marseilles ever returned. As a priest, it is unlikely that he would have knowingly told a lie as Catholic priests would have believed that God is omnipresent (everywhere) and omnipotent (all powerful). Therefore if he told a lie, God would know and he would have been condemned to Hell. However, he may have been told incorrect information and told this story in good faith not knowing if it was incorrect. As historians, we just do not know.
A German Children's Crusade also took place in 1212. This was lead by a boy called Nicholas and he had 20,000 followers. His dream was exactly the same as Stephen's - take Jerusalem for Christianity. This crusade also included religious men and unmarried women so it was not fully a Children's Crusade. Their journey south from Germany to Italy included a very dangerous crossing of the Alps and many died of the cold here. Those that survived pushed onto to Rome in Italy.
Here, they met the pope. He praised their bravery but told them that they were too young to take on such a venture. With this, they returned to Germany but a great many of them did not survive the journey back. A few stopped off at the Italian port of Pisa and boarded a ship for the Holy Land. No-one knows what happened to them.
Therefore both crusades can be seen as a disaster but they are also an indication of how important Jerusalem was to Christians.
Cilicia--In antiquity, Cilicia Turkish: was the south coastal region of Asia Minor, south of the central Anatolian plateau. It existed as a political entity from Hittite times into the Byzantine empire
Sadeek means friend