A (LARGELY) CHRISTIAN CRITIQUE OF MODERN PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY
Paul Clayton Vitz (b.1935) is a psychologist who is an emeritus professor of psychology at New York University; he is presently a senior scholar at Divine Mercy University (a Catholic graduate university) in Virginia.
He wrote in the ‘Acknowledgements’ of this 1977 book, “This critique began as an informal paper presented in September 1974 to a small meeting of Episcopal clergy and laymen concerned with contemporary theological problems. The original talk grew into the present book primarily because many people along the way provided a great deal of the encouragement and support needed to get me to venture into the troubled waters of religion and popular psychology.”
In the ‘About the Book’ section, he explains, “This book is for the reader interested in a critique of... modern psychology... the reader who knows, perhaps only intuitively, that psychology has become more a sentiment than a science and is now part of the problem of modern life rather than part of its resolution. The varied criticisms offered here are scientific, philosophical, economic, ethical, and, finally, religious; their purpose is to provide arguments and concepts which allow the reader to begin the process of placing today’s psychology in a much smaller, less corrosive, but ultimately more accurate and more helpful perspective than that which presently prevails. As the title suggests, it will be argued that psychology has become a religion, in particular, a form of secular humanism based on worship of the self.” (Pg. 9)
He continues, “Specifically, I shall argue for five theses:
1. Psychology as religion exists, and it exists in great strength throughout the United States.
2. Psychology as religion can be criticized on many grounds quite independent of religion.
3. Psychology as religion is deeply anti-Christian. Indeed, it is hostile to most religions.
4. Psychology as religion is extensively supported by schools, universities, and social programs financed by taxes collected by millions of Christians. This use of tax money to support what has become a secular state religion raises grave political and legal issues.
5. Psychology as religion has for years been destroying individuals, families, and communities. But for the first time the destructive logic of this secular religion is beginning to be understood, and as more and more people discover the emptiness of self-worship, Christianity is presented with a major historical opportunity to provide meaning and life.” (Pg. 10)
He goes on, “I make no apology for the intensity of some of my criticisms. The issues involved may be little acknowledged as yet, but they are very serious. The time has come for Christian academics and intellectuals to speak out publicly in defense of the faith regardless of the professional risk and isolation this may entail. Many of us are in strategic positions to observe and analyze anti-Christian trends in society which escape the notice of the theologians, who are often so busy fighting secularism in the seminaries that they have little time to keep up with other fields. Besides, many people would discount the arguments of theologians and clergy as nothing more than self-interested rationalizations of a dying institution.” (Pg. 10)
Here a few autobiographical words are in order… I was an undergraduate at the University of Michigan from 1953-1957… a psychology major… I read Bertrand Russell, announced that I was an atheist… My vague, superficial Christianity had been such weak stuff that its rejection had less psychological importance than, say, breaking up with my girl friend… my period of active hostility to Christianity was quite brief… After this began a long agnostic indifference to religion… I [was] devoted fully to becoming a psychologist… In graduate school religion was treated as a pathetic anachronism… A year or so after I received my doctorate, my interests began to shift to experimental psychology…. This shift of interest was partly occasioned by a growing awareness that I found much humanistic personality theory false and rather silly…. I suddenly became aware that I was saying things I didn’t believe. To discover that you are teaching as … scientific truth something which you no longer think is true is disconcerting, to put it mildly…
“[T]wo unexpected events [occurred]. One was … a nationwide mass enthusiasm for the humanistic self-theories about the same time that I was moving away from them. The other was my conversion to Christianity. There is nothing dramatic to report about the latter… just a great deal of intense emotional turbulence associated with the collapse of my secular ideas accompanied by quietly growing change of heart and mind. This process seems to have started sometime in 1972… Becoming a Christian provided me a dramatically different view of psychology as well as a strong motivation for developing some of the critical analysis I had begun several years earlier… the hostility of most psychologists to Christianity is very real. For years I was part of that sentiment; today it still surrounds me.” (Pg. 10-12)
He argues, “The most important direct source for today’s humanistic selfism is Ludwig Feuerbach’s ‘The Essence of Christianity.’ First published in 1841… The book consists of an argument against both the divinity of Christ and the existence of God, with the general premise that all theology be resolved into anthropology… the case of Feuerbach indicates that in good measure today’s humanist self-theories represent reformulations and extensions of the theses of earlier secular thinkers who were explicitly anti-Christian.” (Pg. 67-68)
He observes, “Of course, the conventional wisdom for some years has been that the family has failed---hence the growing number of people seeking psychotherapy. But what is failing is not the family; what is failing is MODERNISM with its analytic emphasis on the independent, mobile individual, caught up in narcissistic goals. This uncontrolled individualist search for personal gratification is as destructive of social ecology as the uncontrolled quest of economic satisfaction has been for our biological ecology. The answer to the meaningless lives of young people is to reduce the number of children being reared in shattered or non-caring families. It is not likely that this can happen unless there is a change in wisely accepted beliefs about the value and importance of the family and about social bonds in general.” (Pg. 89-90)
He points out, “Carl Rogers in his best-known contribution to personality theory and psychotherapy, ‘On Becoming a Person,’ has no treatment of love at all! Nor is love discussed in Rogers’ book on encounter groups; and even his ‘Becoming Partners’ has no theory of love---its emphasis is on sexual compatibility, changing roles and relationships, learning to trust the self and others, and the like. Needless there is no recognition of the Christian theory of love.” (Pg. 97)
He notes, “Unfortunately, in spite of the selfists’ theoretical arguments about the psychotherapeutic relationship, for millions of people who have read and been influenced by them the actual consequences have been exactly the opposite. Self-theory has turned each person’s self as it is experienced by him into more of an object than ever before. Never have so many people been so self-conscious, so aware of the self as something to be expressed, defended, and so forth. The self has become an object to itself. People talk about their self-image, their actualization, the way they used to talk about their social status, their car, or their stomach ulcers.” (Pg. 116)
He concludes, “The search for transcendence of the self is now firmly begun… We are all aware of the Eastern religious revival… The preoccupation with sex may still be widespread, but many are becoming increasingly indifferent to it. Those on the leading edge of the baby boom are moving into their middle thirties where sex isn’t what it used to be…. In another ten years millions of people will be bored with the cult of the self and looking for a new life. The uncertainty is not the existence of this coming wave of returning prodigals, but whether their Father’s house, the true faith, will still be there to welcome and celebrate their return.” (Pg. 134-135)
This book will be of keen interest to those seeking critiques of modern psychology/psychotherapy.