“We build within ourselves stone
on stone a vast haunted castle.”
-Vincent Monteiro, Vers sur verre
”Space that has been seized upon by the imagination cannot remain indifferent space subject to the measures and estimates of the surveyor. It has been lived in, not in its positivity, but with all the partiality of the imagination.”
-Bachelard
“A house that stands in my heart
My cathedral of silence
Every morning recaptured in dream
Every evening abandoned
A house covered with dawn
Open to the winds of my youth.”
-Jean LaRoche, Memoires d'ete
”...the unlimited solitude that makes a lifetime of each day, toward a communion with the universe, in a word, space, the invisible space that man can live in nevertheless, and which surrounds him with countless presences.”
-Rilke, Lettres
It is my inclination to compose this entire piece on Bachelard with citations from his book and the fragments of poems he collects; little needs to be said or can be said on the subject of intimate, poetic, personalized space that is not touched upon in his phenomenological study of the oneiric life, The Poetics of Space, and it is certainly beyond my capabilities to improve on such distilled, pure imaginative discourse. As other reviewers have noted, it is almost difficult to speak about where reading Bachelard leaves you once you have raised your eyes from the page and attempted again to view the world through the lens of your own perceptions after they have been filtered through his prism: when you walk away from this book you are not the person you were when you came to it.
It is not through shocks to the intellect or fireworks of mind-bending paradox that Bachelard affects you, but through encouraging you to look again and again, quietly, at the simplest interactions with the simplest of objects and places of your life, your past, and to see them afresh, to see how they have entered into your being and expanded their quiddity to impress themselves on all aspects of your psyche. Bachelard focuses on the intimate places of memories, habitations, our childhoods, and investigates how the images we retain from our most essential dwellings have played upon our daydreams and contributed to our sense of happiness and well-being. The Poetics of Space is essentially a study of happiness. In this way, it is akin to Proust, as it descends into dream-space, memory-space, and imaginative space-time to locate the unities that bring about a totality to our lives; in fact this was the ideal book to follow a reading of In Search of Lost Time, as both books find their center in the belief in the supremacy of the creative imagination, in the power of the image to retain and affirm all of existence, and the ceaseless pursuit of happiness in the raw material of our lived experiences.
Bachelard’s introduction elucidates his conception of the poetic image (“a sudden salience on the surface of the psyche”), and the importance of the novelty of the image, that it is something essentially without causality, without a personal historic precedent, yet which can be transferred from mind to mind and still reverberate. The idea of reverberation is of utmost importance to Bachelard, this idea that a unique image can bring new vitality to the intellect and the imagination, that a wholly original concept can react within a psyche like “a new property of the universe”. Here is the launching point of his entire thesis, that there is an ontology of the imagination that works outside the realms of psychology and psychoanalysis, that the poetic image is not given potency and validation through a referential history, that “the poet does not confer the past of his image upon me, and yet his image immediately takes root in me”. This enigmatic moment of joy, this shiver of recognition that sets atremble our entire being in the presence of the sublimely poetic, even if as yet not fully comprehended (that nameless feeling which is so familiar to lovers of literature and the arts) is the focal point of Bachelard’s exploration of space, the initiator and signifier of a personal resonance.
These initiators and signifiers are universally ordinary. Houses, doors, walls, windows, roofs, cellars, chests, drawers, locks, and in our more primitive, pre-memorial past, nests, shells, trees, forests... the objects we manipulate and interact with almost unconsciously, these are our intimates, our coevals in space-time, the symbolic extensions of our language and dreams. We exist in a corner of the world, within a house within a neighborhood, a construct of dimension and verticality and depth, of portals and walls, passages of ingress and egress, of windows that let in or deny light and air and space, walls that contract and expand with the impetus of our daydreams. We find ourselves inside or outside of our dwellings, we inhabit gardens or streets or rooms daily, and the almost imperceptible way in which we place our receptive selves, leave pieces of ourselves in these places, how they communicate and reverberate in response to our mental and physical presence and us reverberating and responding within them, these are the places in which the mythology of our lives is developed, here is where Bachelard hunts down the essence of our poetic existence. For what is more intimate than our thinking/dreaming being at rest in our own house or remembering the house we grew up in? What is more like probing one’s eternity than probing one’s childhood (thank you Mr. Nabokov)? When are we more expansive than when we are traversing our reveries safely in the nest of our room or stilling ourselves from the motion of our lives on a favorite patch of earth?
”As soon as we become motionless, we are elsewhere; we are dreaming in a world that is immense. Indeed, immensity is the movement of the motionless man.”
-pg. 184
So Bachelard maintains his points of reference in the world of literature, poetry and imaginative prose, products of contemplation and reflection, and seeks no external justification in the practicality of his arguments. If something exists in the realm of the imagination, it exists with no further need of validation. There is a reality beyond the positive, material world, that contains just as much vitality and energy as physical objects, just as much prescience of an actuality as an idea turned into a material thing. Words create solidity, images evoke a concreteness, there is a realness to every written thing, no matter how abstract, and the mind reaches toward comprehension of each potent image; it is in these realms that the work of art reigns, expressing our humanity in dynamic, personalized terms. The Poetics of Space is mainly concerned with the dialectic between these regions of the imagination and the places in which they are nurtured and developed.
”By means of poetic language, waves of newness flow over the surface of being. And language bears within itself the dialectics of open and closed. Through meaning it encloses, while through poetic expression, it opens up.”
-pg. 222
Among the many poets who Bachelard calls upon to compose his analysis, two of his favorite touchstones are Rilke and Baudelaire. Rilke he sees as embodying the poet of inhabited space, Baudelaire as the ultimate poet of “correspondences” between disparate things. A lengthy passage from The Poetics of Space dissects Baudelaire’s use of the word “vast”, and makes the claim that to Baudelaire “vast” is never an objective word, it is an all encompassing vocable of breath, forced into audible pronunciation in the lines of the poem, uncontainable, a signifier of “intimate immensity”.
”For Baudelaire, man’s poetic fate is to be the mirror of immensity; or even more exactly, immensity becomes conscious of itself, through man. Man for Baudelaire is a vast being”.
-pg. 196
“All important words, all the words marked for grandeur by a poet, are keys to the universe, to the dual universe of the Cosmos and the depths of the human spirit.”
-pg. 198
It is in the expressions of humanity that Bachelard seeks his resonances with the physical world. Language is the beginning of all things human, the starting point where truths emerge from silence, therefore anything expressed contains a kernel of truth, and a kernel of humanity. It is in response to silence that words, and therefore humanity, takes form. Silence is far more abundant than language, but even small amounts of language contain more than silence. This type of interchange between man and world is pursued by Bachelard through countless aspects of inhabiting the world, expanded and expounded into regions as diverse as hermetic huts, corners, the composition of shells and bird’s nests in the animal world, the “miniaturization” of fairy tales, the dialogue between inside and outside beings, immensity and diminution, the “warm” properties of curves and the “cold” properties of sharp angles, the “roundness of being”.
”The round cry of round being makes the sky round like a cupola”
-pg. 238
”To benefit by all the lessons of modern psychology and all that has been learned about man’s being through psychoanalysis, metaphysics should therefore be resolutely discursive. It should beware of the privileges of evidence that are the property of geometrical intuition. Sight says too many things at one time. Being does not see itself. Perhaps it listens to itself. It does not stand out, it is not bordered by nothingness: one is never sure of finding it, or of finding it solid, when one approaches a center of being. And if we want to determine man’s being, we are never sure of being closer to ourselves if we “withdraw” into ourselves, if we move toward the center of the spiral; for often it is in the heart of being that being is in errancy. Sometimes, it is in being outside itself that being tests consistencies. Sometimes, too, it is closed in, as it were, on the outside.”
-pg. 214-215
It is silence, rather, that obliges the poet to listen, and gives the dream greater intimacy. We hardly know where to situate this silence, whether in the vast world or in the immense past. But we do know that it comes from beyond a wind that dies down or a rain that grows gentle.”
-pg. 179
”Man himself is mute, and it is the image that speaks. For it is obvious that the image alone can keep pace with nature.”
-Boris Pasternak, quoted in Bachelard pg. 104
”In the realm of absolute imagination, we remain young very late in life. But we must lose our earthly Paradise in order to actually live in it, to experience it in the reality of its images, in the absolute sublimation that transcends all passion.”
-pg. 33
”When we are at an age to imagine, we cannot say how or why we imagine. Then, when we could say how we imagine, we cease to imagine. We should therefore dematurize ourselves.”
-pg. 236
What is taken away from a reading of The Poetics of Space is a heightened awareness of the dialogue one’s psyche maintains with its environment, how a being fluctuates when one is contained in familiar surroundings or when one is on an open plane, the vastness of the world spreading out around, the necessity (if happiness is a goal) to never let the values on which you construct your life deaden, to always keep them vulnerable to change and analysis, to keep them open to play, to re-imagining and restructuring. The human consciousness is if anything mutable, it changes willingy and unwillingly, it persistently interacts with the images it has hoarded over the years, it converses with its present surroundings and is in communication with the places it has inhabited in other times. We never leave the places we have dwelled. Memory and the unconscious assure that we deposit fragments of ourselves behind that intermittently send reports out from the oblivion of time; there is always something lingering of our past worlds that speaks to and helps us to construct our current one.