I was worried that this would be full of minutiae about the life stories of war figures such as Marshall, Eisenhower, MacArthur, King, Nimitz, and such. Far from it – what this is, is a mostly straight-ahead telling of WWII from the vantage point of Roosevelt and his military advisors.
There was a little back story about Dwight Eisenhower, enough to be interesting without bogging down. Family name was originally Eisenhauer. Yes, German. And, they were Mennonites. Dwight’s father George (I think) was basically a black sheep of the family whose father effectively had to rescue from penurious circumstances in Texas, by giving him a job. “We were poor,” wrote DDE much later, “but we didn’t know we were poor.”
Back to WWII. What it must be like, to live a life of such consequence, where people can write entire books like this about the choices you made during the course of a mere decade or so. And at that, to have to make choices about which choices to write about. From reading this book, my overall reaction is to marvel over how lucky we, America, were to have this leader at this time.
Take the atomic bomb. “This requires action,” scrawled FDR on the top of a letter written by Albert Einstein. He must have said other things in the course of embarking General Groves to drive the massive Manhattan Project. Where the normal thing you would expect, some scientist popping up to bother the Great Man with a novel and outlandish concept, would be for the Great Man to dismiss the idea as flapdoodle. Like how Napoleon dismissed Robert Fulton who had this nutty idea about steam-powered logistics. A story that FDR was aware of. The point is, FDR took this new information on board and acted with conviction, not just to study it but to pursue it with massive intent.
FDR, it seems, was supremely confident in his own strategic calculus, but at the same time, he was man enough to know what he didn’t know. And he was no professional soldier, and so he relied on key people like George Marshall to counsel him on war matters. In this, he was unlike Churchill, who was a reliable fount of all manner of ideas, some of which were good, but all of which flowed without benefit of expert counsel.
Persico steers mostly clear of debates over whether FDR was right or wrong in the many decisions he made. One exception is the care he takes in swatting down any notion that the Pearl Harbor attack was some kind of FDR conspiracy. He also soft-pedals FDR’s disgraceful Executive Order 9066, whose consequences play little in the overall story. We do well to remember that this action was politically popular at the time.
We look back and how WWII played out now seems inevitable. But it was FDR who laid down the marker of “Unconditional Surrender.” This policy was highly controversial at the time, with all kinds of pissants (looking at you, Alan Dulles) lobbying and working against this policy. Suppose there had been some kind of negotiated peace in 1944, as many would have preferred (not least the tens of thousands of servicemen who died while Germany fought on and on). FDR was unwavering, yet nuanced and just ambiguous enough to get away with being unwavering. An example is how he disavowed the ”Morgenthau Plan,” hatched by his own Treasury Secretary, and which he judged as being both a bad idea and politically untenable.
Yes, I feel lucky as an American that our democracy produced FDR. America’s place in the world order has a lot to do with the decisions he made and policies he pursued. This book is a wonderful exploration of that.