Radiations From Radioactive Substances

by Ernest Rutherford

This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can usually download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1913 edition. ...1910. B' about 920, and then increases again to the temperature of fusion, about 1000, when the Whole of the emanation is liberated. There is evidence that the fall of the curve to a minimum is connected with an actual change of the physical state of the compound. Kolowrat also observed the interesting point that the ' loss of emanation by heating to a definite temperature for a fixed interval of time is, under certain conditions, independent of the total amount of the emanation stored up in the compound. Suppose, for example, the emanation had been accumulating in a radium compound in the cold for an interval T. On' heating for a definite interval, e.g. from 2 to 4 hours, a certain quantity of emanation is released. On allowing the emanation to accumulate for a second interval T and then heating under the same conditions as before, the same quantity of emanation is again obtained, although the actual amount stored in the compound at the time of the second heating is much greater than in the first experiment. In explanation of these and other results of heating, Kolowrat suggests that the atoms of emanation formed in the radium preparation are not all held with the same degree of fixity. On heating the radium to a definite temperature, all those atoms of emanation which are lightly held in position are released and these constitute a definite fraction of the atoms produced. The residue of the atoms are so strongly held that they cannot be released until the temperature is increased further. If the emanation again accumulates in the cold, as in the case described above, a second heating under identical conditions releases the same definite fraction of the emanation accumulated in the interval, but has no effect on the part...

Unknown Binding

First published February 5, 2010

About the author

Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, OM FRS (30 August 1871 – 19 October 1937) was a New Zealand-born British physicist who became known as the father of nuclear physics. Encyclopædia Britannica considers him to be the greatest experimentalist since Michael Faraday (1791–1867).

In early work he discovered the concept of radioactive half-life, proved that radioactivity involved the transmutation of one chemical element to another, and also differentiated and named alpha and beta radiation. This work was done at McGill University in Canada. It is the basis for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry he was awarded in 1908 "for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances".

Rutherford moved in 1907 to the Victoria University of Manchester (today University of Manchester) in the UK, where he and Thomas Royds proved that alpha radiation is helium ions. Rutherford performed his most famous work after he became a Nobel laureate. In 1911, although he could not prove that it was positive or negative, he theorized that atoms have their charge concentrated in a very small nucleus, and thereby pioneered the Rutherford model of the atom, through his discovery and interpretation of Rutherford scattering in his gold foil experiment. He is widely credited with first "splitting the atom" in 1917 in a nuclear reaction between nitrogen and alpha particles, in which he also discovered (and named) the proton.

Rutherford became Director of the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University in 1919. Under his leadership the neutron was discovered by James Chadwick in 1932 and in the same year the first experiment to split the nucleus in a fully controlled manner, performed by students working under his direction, John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton. After his death in 1937, he was honoured by being interred with the greatest scientists of the United Kingdom, near Sir Isaac Newton's tomb in Westminster Abbey. The chemical element rutherfordium (element 104) was named after him in 1997.

Items named in honour of Rutherford's life and work:

Scientific discoveries:
the element rutherfordium, Rf, Z=104. (1997)

Institutions:
Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, a scientific research laboratory near Didcot, Oxfordshire.
Rutherford College, Auckland, a school in Auckland, New Zealand
Rutherford College, Kent, a college at the University of Kent in Canterbury, England
Rutherford Institute for Innovation at the University of Cambridge
Rutherford Intermediate School, Wanganui, New Zealand
Rutherford Hall, a hall of residence at Loughborough University

Awards:
Rutherford Medal, the highest science medal awarded by the Royal Society of New Zealand
Rutherford Award at Thomas Carr College for excellence in Victorian Certificate of Education chemistry, Australia.
Rutherford Memorial Medal is an award for research in the fields of physics and chemistry by the Royal Society of Canada.
Rutherford Medal and Prize is awarded once every two years by the Institute of Physics for "distinguished research in nuclear physics or nuclear technology".
Rutherford Memorial Lecture is an international lecture tour under the auspices of the Royal Society created under the Rutherford Memorial Scheme in 1952.