La questione morale: La storica intervista di Eugenio Scalfari

by Enrico Berlinguer, Eugenio Scalfari

Roma, 28 luglio 1981. L’intervista rilasciata da Enrico Berlinguer a Eugenio Scalfari contiene una scudisciata che il giorno dopo farà sobbalzare i lettori della «Repubblica» e mezza classe politica italiana: «I partiti di oggi sono soprattutto macchine di potere e di clientela». Nessun leader, nel tempo della Prima Repubblica – con l’esclusione dell’antisistema Marco Pannella – aveva mai osato tanto. Sono passati trent’anni da quel giorno. Trent’anni di questione morale. Trent’anni di rabbia e di oblio. È stato esattamente trent’anni fa, che in un’estate calda Enrico Berlinguer ha coniato – in un’intervista che sarebbe entrata in tutti gli archivi – questa locuzione destinata a raccontare l’Italia di allora, quella di Mani pulite (che sarebbe arrivata undici anni più tardi) e – purtroppo – anche quella che stiamo vivendo, nel tempo dei pizzini, degli appalti facili, della P3 e della P4.
Dalla Prefazione di Luca Telese

64 pages, Paperback

First published September 30, 2011

About the author

Enrico Berlinguer (Italian: [enˈriːko berliŋˈɡwɛr]; 25 May 1922 – 11 June 1984) was an Italian politician.

Considered the most popular leader of the Italian Communist Party (Partito Comunista Italiano or PCI), which he led as the national secretary from 1972 until his death during a tense period in Italy's history, marked by the Years of lead and social conflicts such as the Hot Autumn of 1969–1970. He distanced the party from the influence of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and pursued a moderate line, repositioning the party within Italian politics and advocating accommodation and national unity. This strategy came to be termed Eurocommunism and he was seen as its main spokesperson. It would come to be adopted by Western Europe's other significant communist parties, in Spain and later France, its significance as a political force cemented by a 1977 meeting in Madrid between Berlinguer, Georges Marchais and Santiago Carrillo Berlinguer himself described his alternative model of socialism, distinct from both the Soviet bloc and the capitalism practiced by Western countries during the Cold War, as the terza via or "third way", although his usage of the term has no relation to the more centrist Third Way practiced by subsequent Prime Ministers Romano Prodi and Matteo Renzi.

Under Berlinguer, the PCI reached the height of its success, winning significant victories in the regional and local elections of 1975 and 34% of the vote in the 1976 general election, its highest share of the vote and number of seats. With these gains, he negotiated the Historic Compromise with the Christian Democrats, lending support to their government in exchange for consultation on policy decisions and social reforms. He took a firm stand against terrorism after the mysterios kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro in 1978 and used the PCI's influence to steer Italian labour unions towards moderating wage demands to cope with the country's severe inflation rate after the 1973 oil crisis. However, these stands were not reciprocated with sufficient concessions from Giulio Andreotti's government, leading the PCI to leave the coalition in 1979. The combination of austerity advocacy, hard line against the Red Brigades and attempts at an accommodation with the DC affected the PCI's vote at the 1979 election and the Compromise was ultimately ended in 1980. The PCI remained in national opposition for the rest of Berlinguer's tenure, retaining a solid core of support at the 1979 and 1983 elections, but its main strength from that point would remain at the regional and local level. Finally, despite notably successful Communist local governments, Berlinguer's efforts failed to bring the PCI into government. Berlinguer's final platform, the "democratic alternative", was never realised. Within a decade of his death, the Soviet Union, the Christian Democrats and the PCI all disappeared, transforming Italian politics beyond recognition.

Berlinguer had an austere and modest but charismatic personality and despite the difficulties that confronted the PCI during the historic compromise, he remained a popular politician, respected for his principles, conviction and bold stands. He characterised the PCI as an honest party in Italy's corruption-ravaged politics, an image that preserved the party's reputation during the Mani pulite corruption scandals. He was characterised by Patrick McCarthy as "the last great communist leader in Western Europe" and remains identified with the causes of Eurocommunism, opposition to Soviet repression in Eastern Europe and democratic change in Italy.

Reviews

[milù · Rating 4 out of 5]

rip enrico avresti amato raphael kay

[Supernovae · Rating 5 out of 5]

Un grande uomo. Un grande politico.

[Antonio · Rating 5 out of 5]

Un'intervista del 1979?...magari, vorrebbe dire che in questi 30anni sia cambiato qualcosa, e invece nulla, i ladri e gli imbroglioni, i corrotti, aumentano sempre di più in questa finta politica costruita sugli insulti e non sugli ideali (destri o sinistri che siano). Oggi non ci vorrebbe un Berlinguer, ma 2, 10, 100 persone come lui! e forse, forse cambierebbe qualcosa!

[Chiara · Rating 5 out of 5]

it's about this man, enrico, that was a communist in 1970s and 1980s. he brutes about italy and how politics worked here at that time. it amazes me how his talks are still so actual and i can see our society in them

[Simone Capilli · Rating 5 out of 5]

Evviva Berlinguer!