The Political Brain: The Role of Emotion in Deciding the Fate of the Nation

by Drew Westen

The Political Brain is a groundbreaking investigation into the role of emotion in determining the political life of the nation. For two decades Drew Westen, professor of psychology and psychiatry at Emory University, has explored a theory of the mind that differs substantially from the more "dispassionate" notions held by most cognitive psychologists, political scientists, and economists -- and Democratic campaign strategists. The idea of the mind as a cool calculator that makes decisions by weighing the evidence bears no relation to how the brain actually works. When political candidates assume voters dispassionately make decisions based on "the issues," they lose. That's why only one Democrat has been re-elected to the presidency since Franklin Roosevelt -- and only one Republican has failed in that quest. In politics, when reason and emotion collide, emotion invariably wins. Elections are decided in the marketplace of emotions, a marketplace filled with values, images, analogies, moral sentiments, and moving oratory, in which logic plays only a supporting role. Westen shows, through a whistle-stop journey through the evolution of the passionate brain and a bravura tour through fifty years of American presidential and national elections, why campaigns succeed and fail. The evidence is overwhelming that three things determine how people vote, in this their feelings toward the parties and their principles, their feelings toward the candidates, and, if they haven't decided by then, their feelings toward the candidates' policy positions. Westen turns conventional political analyses on their head, suggesting that the question for Democratic politics isn't so much about moving to the right or the left but about moving the electorate. He shows how it can be done through examples of what candidates have said -- or could have said -- in debates, speeches, and ads. Westen's discoveries could utterly transform electoral arithmetic, showing how a different view of the mind and brain leads to a different way of talking with voters about issues that have tied the tongues of Democrats for much of forty years -- such as abortion, guns, taxes, and race. You can't change the structure of the brain. But you can change the way you appeal to it. And here's how

Genres: Politics, Psychology, Nonfiction, Science, Political Science, Sociology, Neuroscience

497 pages, Kindle Edition

First published January 1, 2007

About the author

Drew Westen is a professor in the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia.

Reviews

[John · Rating 3 out of 5]

The book started off in superb fashion-tossing out psychological gems like candy to the reader, but the grotesque bias that clouds an otherwise intelligent person makes this a difficult read and an awful philosophy.

Westen starts off by mentioning a study in which participants showed how people rationalize blatant contradictions by their favorite political candidates. When the participants found a way to keep their candidates in good standing, the "happy circuits" in their brains lit up like a Christmas tree. This study showed that people--once they've picked a political party or candidate--very little evidence will change their mind about them.

Instead of dwelling on this dramatic finding and elaborating on why today's us-against-them mentality in politics is killing our democracy and bigger goals (like truth), Westen spends the majority of the book showing how Republicans use emotion to manipulate the populace and how Democrats should use emotion also--not to manipulate constituents' minds--but to reveal the valid points Democrats are trying to get across.

This book fails because it's contradictory itself: The religious right is evil when they use religion to make a political move, but Westin uses religion throughout his book (not just his native Judaism) to make his points; Westen shows that popularity of issues are an indication of their validity, but then contradicts that by saying the Civil Rights movement was correct despite its unpopularity; and of course, Republicans who use emotion are diabolical, but Democrats are the white knights using emotion to spread truth. Westen also uses polls throughout the book, but at one point explicitly says that polls can basically say anything you want them to--each poll can be used for either side.

Despite the author's initial plea to people on both sides of the aisle, his bias is deliberate and obvious and it's another major drawback to the book--Nixon wasn't the President who got us out of Viet Nam, he was the President who dismantled the War on Poverty. Johnson wasn't the President who presided over the largest troop deployment in US history (to Viet Nam) he was a champion of civil rights. Clinton wasn't lucky to get elected (minority votes) and lucky to preside over a boom--he was an emotional and economic genius. Well, I hate to break it to you Drew, you aren't the objective voter who shares the views of every American, you are a snide, biased, commentator.

Die hard Democrats will love this book, but people with an honestly open mind will struggle to get past the first few pages--unfortunately, there's little new in this book--it just perpetuates the us-against-them mentality that makes politics today so unbearable. For a better book about politics, try Justice and Equality: A Dialogue on the Philosophies of Conservatism and Liberalism and for a better book about psychology, try Stumbling on Happiness.

[Charlene · Rating 5 out of 5]

This book could have been titled, "How Liberals Can Be More Effective When They Stop Relying on Facts and Begin to Understand Emotions of the Masses and What Drives Decision Making."

I am a diehard liberal and really needed to read this book. Throughout his entire argument, Drew Westen drove home one point: If any candidate or voter is going to be effective in swaying anyone, at all, to vote for a particular candidate, they will not successfully do that by providing potential voters with only facts. Instead, most people vote with their guts. This seems to be particularly try for conservatives. However, even well educated liberals often form an emotional attachment to particular ideals. If the candidate can speak passionately to the emotions about that particular idea, then they can capture your vote. Why? Because it triggers the right hormones in the right part of your brain.

How can a candidate go about eliciting the right brain responses from potential voters? Westen has many answers. It's important to note that right off the bat, most of what Westen puts forth is gleaned through the eyes of a Monday morning quarterback, who is only able to see what the best play is by reviewing the tape in slow motion many hours after the game has already finished. despite this severe limitation, that necessarily finds its way into every chapter of the book, Westen has exceptional observations and what seems to be solid advice. Anyone watching Hillary's speeches could tell there was something off about her sections that talked about "Being good." They just didn't ring true. Even though she won the popular vote, imo, she needed better advisors. After reading this book, I had wished Westen had advised her in every debate prep. He had pointers on exactly how to speak to the emotions in the undecided voter. Each candidate has their hard core voters. It would have taken a miracle for me, a liberal, to vote for a racists, sexist, science-denier like Trump. So Hillary had a lot of leeway with someone like me. It was the undecided voter she needed to capture in order to not just win by a little, but win the vast majority of swing states. Westen has *exact* advice on how she or any candidate can do this. The worst part was that republicans are *really* good at this already and Westen describes exactly how they got that way and what liberals can do to be almost as good. It's hard to beat the republicans at this game because it takes a certain amount of denial of fact, playing to the fears of your citizens, and other manipulative factors that liberals often don't engage in to the extent conservatives do. That doesn't mean we shouldn't try.

The best quote in the book was: "Contemporary liberals believe that the way to voter's hearts is through their brains. But, they are appealing to he wrong part of the brain." Westen makes a clear destination between the emotional parts of the brain and the logical parts of the brain. He suggests that if a democratic candidate doesn't know how to trigger activation in the emotional parts, while offering some sort of narrative to logical parts, they are going to be hard-pressed to win the votes of undecided voters. It is a much smaller subset of people than one might suspect who make decisions, for political candidates or otherwise, using mostly their logical brain regions. (For anyone who loves Josh Greene's work on the emotional and logical brain regions, this was similar research and just as fascinating). For the vast majority of voters, if you can get them to feel it, true or not, you have their vote. If you can stimulate the emotions and also give them a good argument to boot, all the better.

One of the most eye-opening aspects of this book was all of the information Westen provided about guns and gun laws. This book was written in 2007. Obviously we still haven't put his very good advice into practice. Despite studying gun control in grad school, reading about it post school, and being someone who is always on the lookout for a good gun control argument (one that is practical, appeals to the majority of citizens, and is *effective*), I had not heard any arguments I felt were that great. Westen's argument for the way liberals should approach gun control completely reshaped the way I see the issue.

This book was filled with various parts of speeches given by presidential candidates over the many past decades. It was far more exciting and rewarding to read than any summary I could write would give it credit for. Westen's critique of various speeches, and how it helped or destroyed each candidate, was the best part of this book. Westen showed how time and again, conservatives were able to construct a powerful narrative that democrats, for various reasons, simply could not. It's easier to define yourself when you are set free from ambiguity. If you choose to ignore facts, you don't get wrapped up in the uncertainty that new evidence always brings. It's hard to fight against that, but until liberals at least try to define the actual problem, they will have an even more difficult time winning those swing states.

One aspect of this book that bothered me, other than the obvious pitfalls of Monday morning quarterbacking, was that for a book that focused very heavily on emotional intelligence (signal that you understand them, signal that you are one of them), Westen could himself not help fall into that trap so many authors do in that he bragged far too often about his child. Why do any author's do that? Westen should have known better. The number one reason people get dropped from Facebook is too much bragging. It's not that hard for a scientists who studies emotions to know this. Even with this serious faux pas, it's still at least a 5 star book.

Note to the consumer who chooses to listen to this in audio version (free oh hoopla, btw): The narrator does not know how to say "amygdala" and makes that brain region sound like Queen Amidala resides in our brains. I found this incredibly distracting. However, I listened to this book with my 17 year old, and eventually, we were just able to simply laugh at it toward the end.

[Gordon · Rating 5 out of 5]

In the 2004 Presidential election, George Bush beat John Kerry by “Swift Boating” him. Karl Rove, Bush’s campaign strategist, recruited a group of military veterans of the Republican far-right persuasion, who formed a group called “Swift Boat Veterans for Truth” and attacked Kerry for allegedly lying about his military record commanding a patrol boat in Vietnam and for collecting a Purple Heart Medal for a trivial wound. The star witness in the Swift Boat TV ads was a man who claimed he had actually treated Kerry for his “wound”.

There were a few problems here. The name of this witness didn’t match the names of any of the medical personnel on Kerry’s records. For such a supposedly superficial wound, it was hard to explain why Kerry still carried shrapnel in his body decades later. Kerry had returned to the US and become a prominent member of the anti-war movement, subjecting him to intense attack from the Republican administration and the right-wing in general. Yet none of these charges had come up then, at a time when the facts would surely have been fresh in everyone’s mind and their was plenty of motivation to use any unflattering information to discredit that "traitor", John Kerry.

Faced with this attack, the near-universal expectation was that Kerry would come back swinging immediately. He did not. He waited in dignified silence. He waited a full two weeks, then responded by having his campaign manager (!) send a letter to her Republican counterpart (!) requesting that Bush repudiate the attacks. Bush did nothing of the kind. Kerry and his campaign then tried to systematically refute the charges by presenting the facts, but it was far too little, too late. The effect of the attacks and their impact on voter opinion was devastating. In a close election, the Swift Boat ad campaign represented the margin of victory that brought the country four more years of George Bush and Dick Cheney.

The irony of this whole sorry episode is this: Notoriously, Bush had used his father’s political connections to get him into the safety of the National Guard (and then failed to show up for duty much of the time) while Cheney had obtained draft deferments FIVE times, explaining later that he had “other priorities” than going to war.

The Bush campaign had given Kerry’s team a golden opportunity to score a knockout blow: to shine a light on the sorry record of his armchair-warrior opponents, their thread-bare ethics, and their willingness to send other people’s children off to die on the battlefield despite their unwillingness to serve when their own turn had come 30-some years before. Kerry’s team blew it.

And that story, in a nutshell, represents the core of the thesis of The Political Brain. It goes like this:
• Democrats think that the guy with the best facts, the best policies and the best logic will win. Republicans think that the guy with the best story line that goes straight to the emotions of the voters wins.
• Democrats think that negative campaigning is a bad thing. Republicans recognize that it doesn’t matter whether you go positive or negative – the idea is to tell an effective story that makes your guy look good and the other guy look bad.
• Democrats think elections are fought in the marketplace of ideas. Republicans think elections are fought in the marketplace of emotions.

If you like the application of psychology to politics, and if you like great political story-telling, you'll love this book. You'll also never listen to any political speech in quite the same way again.

[Isis · Rating 4 out of 5]

The thesis of this book is that voters make choices based on emotion ("gut") rather than on logical reasoning, and that Republicans understand this and use it to advantage in their ads and speeches, while Democrats, who believe that their policies and stands are the logical ones, emphasize the issues rather than emotions and thus fail.

It's hard to disagree when the facts are presented so, er, logically :-) especially as it explains why lower-income whites repeatedly vote against their own financial self-interest. The dissection of political ads to show what worked and what didn't was really interesting, especially when Westen turned to negative ads with implied messages as well as overt ones. I also appreciated the presentation of the results of psychological studies, such as the one on aggression and Southern men, and the studies of unconscious racism, and of the way being reminded of mortality tends to shift attitudes toward the conservative.

What I did not think was particularly effective were the repeated examples of "what [X] should have said in situation [Y]." For example, Westen showed how Kerry's lack of aggressive counterattack to Bush's accusations painting him as a coward resulted in the weird situation that the candidate who had avoided the draft and had no military experience was viewed as a better Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces than a decorated war veteran. But his "This is an example of the kind of ad Kerry should have run" was 20/20 hindsight, as were the other examples for Dukakis, Gore, and other democratic candidates.

Instead, I would like to have seen a future approach for the candidates that were on the horizon, so that their success or failure could be evaluated. (Which there was a tiny bit of - Westen mentioned that if the up-and-coming Barack Obama were to run for president, he would expect the Republicans to make a big deal out of his middle name!) But in the two areas where he did address issues that have evolved since 2006 (when this book was published), he was...not exactly right. For example, he talked about selling climate change to midwesterners via emphasis on the values of preserving the land and livelihoods such as farming. But this approach has failed due to the Republican lock-step of disbelief. The last chapter in the book talked about an incremental approach to gay marriage via civil unions, and that ended up being almost irrelevant due to the combination of judicial action and the tide of opinion. Still, I think there are a lot of very important ideas in this book which Democratic candidates at all level should take to heart.

This worked well as an audiobook (although perhaps was more persuasive than it would have been in print). The narrator subtly but unmistakably suggested the accents of the various politicians whose ads and speeches were dissected, along with the appropriate passionate or indifferent delivery as implied by the surrounding text.

[Denitsa Simeonova · Rating 5 out of 5]

The book’s simply awesome, but also “scary” for the newbies exploring the topic. It’s explaining by examples and in understandable manner not only how emotions could be triggered in marketing and political campaigns but also in our day to day social interactions. A great read.

[Ericka · Rating 4 out of 5]

I'm still in the middle of this, and though I like it, I'm a bit concerned about some of the language of the book. However, these issues aside (and lets see if they are answered by the end of the book), I would recommend this to everyone running a democratic campaign, as I think there are some excellent lessons to learn from this book.

Current questions:
1. what's with the uber masculinist language? is this the brain scientist speaking or the southern man?
2. has he just taken thagard without any critique?
3. although he cites damasio, he seems to know nothing about spinoza (obviously not a big problem, but an issue for me, and something Id like to talk to him about)
4. psychological quasi-evolutionary theories pop up at crucial points in the argument without evidence or compelling argument.
5. Academic readers (and all others who wish to keep writers honest) will no doubt have the general dissatisfaction of having to go to the internet to chase down references and footnotes.
6. general worry about books like this, popular science and science for politics.
7. this seems so freaking commonsensical its almost amazing that one needs to say it.
8. it strikes me that there are some serious problems in the democratic party that go beyond campaigning, and have *everything* to do with whether the party moves to the right or to the left. that is the core of the lack of identity problem.

[Bruce · Rating 5 out of 5]

I echo Robert Kuttner's and Bill Clinton's comments : This is the most illuminating book about American politics I've ever read. The author is a clinical and theoretical psychologist who also has an incredible intuitive understanding of politics and the political mind. He argues that Democratic political strategists, like most economists, political scientists, and others, have been captive to a view of the mind that drastically underestimates the role of emotion, as opposed to rational calculation, in making decisions. He offers striking experimental evidence but also detailed, penetrating, and savvy analysis of speeches and statements from recent campaigns to make an extremely persuasive case. Also humorous and marvelously well written. Seems like Obama got the point in the last election.

[Martin Smrek · Rating 5 out of 5]

Great reading for everyone, who believes that campaign communication should be targeting the rational brain and be based on proposed policies (as I did before too). The book is mostly focused on US political landscape, but the principles can be easily applied in other campaigining areas too. Especially the first part of the book which focuses on the neurology and evolution of our brain, the role of emotions in decision making, and how political decisions of voters are being made. The rest is a vast array of examples of applications and also of how not to do it.

[Beauregard Bottomley · Rating 3 out of 5]

The book lays out the universal way we see and develop our beliefs concerning the world in the realm of politics. The first third of the book was masterful when the author stuck to the science (mostly neurosciences) that sway us in the realm of politics. He makes his points and does a good job at bringing home the importance of neurosciences in the realm of marketing and politics. We often are not aware of the networks that are activated or are unaware of our emotional states that we use unconsciously in our decision making processes. The author frames his story ('framing' is a concept he relies on in his story telling) around Darwin, Skinner and Freud. We are born as humans in a certain way (Darwin), our environment shapes our behavior (Skinner), and there is an unconscious component to being human (Freud). Feelings are how we process most of our information (unfortunately for me, I am a mathematician and I process most of my world differently).

The author should have stopped the book after the first third. He would have had a brilliant book. He teaches the reader of the value of narratives and of the networks (or using William Van Orman Quine's word 'web' when he's identifying one of his 'values' of science) we use in understanding what we believe is reality.

I have the advantage of hindsight. He's writing around 2007 and a lot of things have happened that really color my attitude against the author's approach. For example, his compromised approach on Gay Marriage being re-branded as 'civil unions' is not what happened (thankfully). That would have been the wrong approach. As Hegel said regarding philosophy, "any shoe clerk thinks he understands philosophy", and just as readily I can say 'everybody thinks they are an expert at politics'.

The election of a president who makes absurd statements such as "Climate change is a Chinese Hoax", or "we should not only kill the terrorist but the terrorist's family", or "waterboarding is not torture and we should do even more" shows that even someone who makes psychotic sounding statements (each one of those three statements strike me as coming from a psychotic with either no empathy or a pathological understanding of reality) can sway Americans who want to be swayed.

It sucks being a Democrat and I'm holding out for Elizabeth Warren or Sherrod Brown in 2020 who don't need to read a book like this one because they already know how to speak from the heart and should be able to beat a person who speaks like a psychotic.

[Liz · Rating 3 out of 5]

It was a real slog trying to get through the first third of this book (which focused on study after study about how the brain works; spare me the details). The middle third, however, actually had specific advice about how to run more effective comms/political campaigns, and I found it QUITE illuminating.

It's crazy reading all these comms books that are set in the Bush era. It truly feels like a different world, and it's chilling to see all this unintentional foreshadowing for You-Know-You.

I wasn't such a fan of all the fanboy-ing of Clinton in here. What was up with that? I guess in the pre-Obama era he was literally the most successful Democratic presidential candidate that you could talk about. Also, poor Kerry and Gore really get beat up here! I suppose their campaigns deserve it.

Too bad there wasn't a chapter about how Dems/progressives can speak about immigration in here. Taxes, gay marriage, religious freedom, abortion, crime, the war on terror -- they all got sections!! Ugh, it's truly such a... difficult issue for the party.

Also if I ever have to read about the "Daisy" ad in a comms book ever again... I'm throwing it across the room. I was also truly disturbed by the suggestion that the Dems run a gun control ad showing "a steady stream of Middle Eastern men" entering a gun store and pulling weapons off the shelves. Just... wow. 2007, a different time!

It was also interesting to me that one of the book's main points is "you have to call out racism when you see it." I wonder how Westen has updated that argument against the GOP of today. Westen's emphasis on the importance of picking the right candidate, with the right story, also reminded me of what I've read elsewhere (Color of Change I think?) about the importance of picking/training the right spokespeople.

It was also kind of neat to see my fellow comms friends Luntz and Lakoff show up here. A crossover episode! Also interesting to see Westen challenged Luntz about the reliability/importance of polling.

All in all a useful tool in my comms arsenal and I'm REALLY CURIOUS about the author's take on Why Trump Happened. Do I dare google it?

[Pat Simen · Rating 4 out of 5]

This book is absolutely fantastic. It combines the stuff that I work on in my research (how emotion affects decision making) with an analysis of failed Democratic political campaigns of the past. Aside from Clinton's successful campaigns, this guy Drew Westen really seems to nail what went wrong with all the presidential campaigns against Republicans since LBJ. Namely, that Republican campaigners know what voters respond to, and Democratic strategists frequently don't, and that is: how to mold people's emotional responses. Hindsight's 20:20, and this book can get a little repetitive at points, but it makes everything make sense to me. How else to explain how a guy like Bush could come off seeming to voters like the honest one (!) while Gore looked untrustworthy? I swear that Obama's people have read this book, and they are using just about every suggestion that it makes. Bottom line: when people say Obama is great on giving an abstract feeling of optimism, but that he's short on specifics . . . well, yes, exactly! That's exactly what works! Read it.

[Heather Denkmire · Rating 3 out of 5]

Ever wonder why otherwise intelligent people even consider supporting Sarah Palin? Why the "left" doesn't really exist anymore? Why Obama is considered "liberal?" Why the Right is RIGHT when they accuse progressives of flip-flopping and having no values?

Progressives haven't been paying attention to what it means to be human. That is, we have been stuck in the Enlightenment's view of the mind. The mind, the brain is not a dispassionate vehicle seeking facts and reason. Even reasonable and rational decisions require emotional connections.

If even half of progressives read this book, we could change the nation's fate. No kidding. Highly recommended. Beyond highly recommended. I wish it could be required reading.

[Chris · Rating 5 out of 5]

Written by an Emory psychologist who does consulting work for the Democratic Party. The central premise is that to run a good campaign, you need to understand that voting decisions are made based on emotions, not (only) facts. Politicians that understand how to activate emotions win elections. This doesn't have to be unethical (in fact, he makes an argument that to ignore emotion is to be pretty unethical).

One of the best books about politics I've ever read. Reminded me that (1) psychologists are smart and know stuff, (2) the Democratic party runs crappy campaigns, (3) the Democratic party doesn't have to run crappy campaigns.

[Paul Jellinek · Rating 5 out of 5]

Drew Westen, an Emory University pshycologists, uses brain mapping and other neurological measures to demonstrate conclusively that politics is all about emotion. He then shows just as conclusively how Democratic candidates and strategists have missed this point for decades--at great cost to their own fortunes and the nation's. Eminently readable, this book was required reading among Democratic candidates and strategists in 2008. The result speaks for itself.

[Daniel Kukwa · Rating 4 out of 5]

My gut instinct would be to award this 3.5 stars. It's a great political campaign manual for what it offers, but after two degrees in Political Science and over twenty years of teaching politics & government, much of this feels old hat and too much stating-the-obvious. The large use of psychology and sociology also doesn't earn it any points with me, as I truly dislike psychology and sociology. That said, in the end I push it to 4 stars because of it's primary message: the centre-left (and US Democrats in particular), need to get their heads out of their asses and begin fighting the right with the weapons and emotional resonance that are necessary in order to win! I would, however, very much like to read a follow-up volume; in the wake of the dumpster fire that is Donald Trump, much of the assumptions in this book have been either turned on their ear or thrown into the trash bin.

[Brayden Raymond · Rating 5 out of 5]

This is a lot. Not in a bad way. A great way. To me, reading this was like a big "A ha!" Moment as if all the political teachings I have had until this point led to this and being able to understand it. Ive known for years how to debate issues, but this exposes the extremely important role that emotions play on the political landscape and how emotional responses/messages can make or break elections. Drew Westen showed me that I could one day have all the 'right' answers to the questions/issues but still be wrong and lose an election for it.

[Jerrod Carter · Rating 4 out of 5]

This is a great study and how our brains work when processing political information. It is definitely written from a strong left-wing worldview, which may make it hard for a right-wing worldview readers to accept or process well. But, if you can look past the politics, the underlying information is fantastic. I would love to see an updated version with even more recent politics.

[Steven Peterson · Rating 4 out of 5]

The dust jacket has one line that is at the center of this book: "The idea of the mind as a cool calculator that makes decisions by weighing the evidence bears no relation to how the brain actually works." Drew Westen uses this thought as a takeoff point in his book, "The Political Brain." He asserts that (page xv) "The political brain is an emotional brain."

One point that he hammers throughout the book is that Republicans do a better job of connecting with voters at an emotional, gut level than do Democrats. Ds tend to make rational points; Rs wed their points to emotional appeals, ending up doing much better. He provides examples from the Gore-Bush and Bush-Kerry campaigns. One interesting feature of the book is the author's development of how Gore and Kerry could have crafted statements to wed emotion to policy talking points in a way to, in Westen's view, would trump the Republican efforts. As an example of where Democrats have succeeded, he notes Bill Clinton's wedding of talking points to emotional appeals.

The discussion of neurosciences and how they tie into the argument is a bit underdeveloped. Westen does discuss some studies and notes some of his own research. Nonetheless, he could have elaborated more completely and made a more compelling case. He also addresses the evolution of what he terms "the passionate brain," in which (page 51) ". . .Feeling and thinking evolved together, and nature `designed' them to work together."

He discusses specific policy arenas and how Democrats have ceded the potent ground wedding emotion and thinking, from abortion to gun control to race to taxes. He takes Democratic consultants and campaign advisors to task. There is a bit of "conflict of interest," in some senses, since he also consults for Democrats. He is most explicit about one goal of this volume during his policy arena by policy arena analysis on page 380: "The central point of this chapter is that Democrats need to talk about values, morality, and faith again, but not by talking like Republicans. They need to offer a counternarrative that has as its core beneficence, tolerance, and humility, not hate, contempt, and dogma." That quotation surely provides a taste of Westen's passion and his political perspective.

One real annoyance with the book that I purchased. Each chapter is studded with numbered footnotes--but nowhere in the volume are the corresponding citations. One must go to a web site to get them. This keeps the volume shorter, but it makes it more difficult to check out citations. One might not necessarily be near the Internet while reading the book and wanting to check something out.

His call to realize that there is a passionate component to politics and political discourse, his linkage of evolution and brain structure and function to political thinking and behavior is well taken. There are some less than optimal elements to the book, as noted, but, overall, this is a provocative volume that will get readers to thinking.

[Justin · Rating 3 out of 5]

Although the author is long-winded and less clever than he thinks he is, he advances a timely and compelling argument that intelligent politicians, and democrats in particular, need to change up their political game. In short, they need to avoid coming across in interviews and debates as a cerebral policy wonk (Dukakis, Gore, and Kerry) and emotionally connect with the average American (Reagan, W. Bush, and hopefully Obama). This isn't an earth-shattering revelation, but the author takes the apparently unique approach of applying evolution and psychology principles to communication styles and public response.

Like many books I pick up, I only read enough to understand the overall thesis. Reading the rest is only necessary you need convincing or found the structure and style engaging -- neither were true for me.

[Cynthia Huntimer · Rating 5 out of 5]

I agree with the author that most people make political decisions based on an emotional as opposed to a rational basis. I also agree that the Democratic party has made a mistake by refusing to deal with some issues in a thoughtful and nuanced way. I enjoyed his extensive use of political speeches and advertising to illustrate his points. I found his ideas about activating the associations of voters very compelling. He is a psychologist and uses many brain imaging studies and other types of empirical data to back up his ideas.

[Mark · Rating 5 out of 5]

I thought this book was great. It identifies how Republicans have manipulated the American public successfully enough to create the Reagan- George W era, and how Democrats have been brain dead, hoping that reason will prevail over an electorate that is voting on the basis of emotion. If Democrats get their mind around this, it will be tough to be a Republican and be taken seriously, which ultimately should help rebalance and reform the Republicans into something more than ideologues.

[Darryl · Rating 5 out of 5]

THE best book on understanding how the brain and politics collide.

An absolute primer for progressive or Democratic candidates. It's really a book about marketing yourself and your ideals as a candidate.

The brilliant read of the audiobook by Anthony Heald makes this book even more special. I've had several friends who've bought the audiobook and thought it was above par.

[Havi · Rating 4 out of 5]

Terrific book. Easy to read. Very accessible and far too relevant. I wish more Dems were listening to this guy.

[Dana · Rating 5 out of 5]

Great read -- for anyone who wants to learn about more strategic campaigning, from a psychological point of view

[Mark · Rating 5 out of 5]

Interesting cognitive psychological take on the power of political narratives.

[Marcus Watt · Rating 5 out of 5]

Mandatory reading for the political junky

[Jane Griffiths · Rating 4 out of 5]

I have admired the American political psychologist Drew Westen for a long time now. He is not listened to enough by politicians and strategists. Our politics would be more grown-up if they listened to him more. One insight I got from him earlier was that successful campaigns work against the opponent on their strengths rather than their weaknesses. What is your political opponent good at? Go for him ón that. Those who are minded to oppose Donald Trump as US President would do well to think on that notion. This worked against John Kerry, a decorated war veteran, who was labelled as anti-military and weak on defence, when you and I would automatically have supposed this a Kerry strength. This book looks at the role of emotion. Because, of course, we all know this, people vote, and pledge their support, in accordance not with a candidate’s or a party’s policies but with how that candidate or party makes them feel. This applies to intellectuals as much as it does to the ordinary Joe or Joanna. Advertisers know this, too. You can sell a product that makes people feel good, whether they need that product or not. The Coca-Cola company knows this better than most. Nobody needs their product: it has no nutritional value beyond elementary hydration, nor is it especially tasty. But its advertising is based on feelings. Family, love, friendship. Things go better with Coke, the real thing. These phrases have no meaning, and yet our hearts know what is being said here. Westen explores all of this in relation to politics, and analyses fascinatingly what works and why, and what does not, and why. Why did Bill Clinton totally get away with being a serial adulterer? Because enough ordinary men felt that they might do the same in his place, and because, crucially, Hillary supported him by saying (I think this was the Gennifer Flowers episode), that if people were unhappy about it “Heck, don’t vote for him”. Westen explores all this beautifully, and calls with real passion for a more emotionally intelligent politics. Something the whole world needs now. I have admired the American political psychologist Drew Westen for a long time now. He is not listened to enough by politicians and strategists. Our politics would be more grown-up if they listened to him more. One insight I got from him earlier was that successful campaigns work against the opponent on their strengths rather than their weaknesses. What is your political opponent good at? Go for him ón that. Those who are minded to oppose Donald Trump as US President would do well to think on that notion. This worked against John Kerry, a decorated war veteran, who was labelled as anti-military and weak on defence, when you and I would automatically have supposed this a Kerry strength. This book looks at the role of emotion. Because, of course, we all know this, people vote, and pledge their support, in accordance not with a candidate’s or a party’s policies but with how that candidate or party makes them feel. This applies to intellectuals as much as it does to the ordinary Joe or Joanna. Advertisers know this, too. You can sell a product that makes people feel good, whether they need that product or not. The Coca-Cola company knows this better than most. Nobody needs their product: it has no nutritional value beyond elementary hydration, nor is it especially tasty. But its advertising is based on feelings. Family, love, friendship. Things go better with Coke, the real thing. These phrases have no meaning, and yet our hearts know what is being said here. Westen explores all of this in relation to politics, and analyses fascinatingly what works and why, and what does not, and why. Why did Bill Clinton totally get away with being a serial adulterer? Because enough ordinary men felt that they might do the same in his place, and because, crucially, Hillary supported him by saying (I think this was the Gennifer Flowers episode), that if people were unhappy about it “Heck, don’t vote for him”. Westen explores all this beautifully, and calls with real passion for a more emotionally intelligent politics. Something the whole world needs now. 

[Olivier Beys · Rating 5 out of 5]

This book was published in 2007, but it is still as relevant for contemporary politics today as it was back then. The main thesis is revealed in the title of the book: people vote, or more importantly: identify, with their gut and not through any method of logical reasoning. The prime example of this today is, of course, Trump: his ramblings lack any coherent and logical narrative, but his folksiness and his honesty about being a dishonest crook are, to far too many people, a refreshing alternative to the stale politics of the democrats.

This premise is not much of a surprise. Most people who are either professionally or otherwise active in politics will probably 'feel' this is true. That doesn't mean they will act accordingly. Worst of all, most political and communications consultants will use surveys, focus groups and a lot of hocus pocus to define talking points and framing their narrative. That doesn't work, as Westen shows throughout the book. This leads to politicians without a spine, and has them following the whims and vaguaries of popular sentiment. Instead, they should frame their own positions and arguments in a way that emotionally touches their target audiences. You can apply this to any position, no matter how outrageous. Ultimately, what is inconceivable today can be perfectly reasonable toomorrow.

Westen provides a wide range of tips and tricks, often invoking speeches of presidential hopefuls and great speakers from the past to make his point. It also means that in the end political campaigning is all about manipulating people into liking your candidate. This is, unfortunately, necessarily the case in contemporary representative (as opposed to direct, horizontal and distributed) democracy. In that sense, all that Westen is doing is harking back to what rhetorical speakers have done since ancient times. The recent insights from psychology and neurosciences merely prove the wisdom of old.

The book is great fun to read, especially the first half. He pulls no punches in lambasting his fellow democrats for completely messing up their public performances. He would have a field day tearing apart the campaigns of Clinton and Harris against Trump I and II. He is witty, and routinely offers alternative formulations and appeals to specific emotions that would work well -- admittedly mostly in the US. From a European perspective, not so much. The second part of the book provides case studies on how to speak on gun violence, terrorism, taxes, you name it.

Westen identifies himself as a card carrying but exasperated liberal. But in his advice on all these matters he usually remains quite pragmatic, certainly from a European leftist perspective. After all, he is trying to win the vote, not to take the moral high ground and 'win' the argument. It still feels a bit disappointing at times and, often, corny. Like the many instances when he invokes religion to speak to the hearts of people.

His adoration for Bill Clinton in particular, is quite painful from a leftist point of view. Clinton oversaw a continuation of neoliberal policy and the seeds for the far right backlash that followed him down the line, but Westen fails to anticipate this. But he is not a political strategist, he looks more at the tactics and the concrete methods to convince people to vote one way or another. This observation is entirely consistent with point he is making in the book: Clinton was a great speaker, and speaking to people has absolutely nothing to do with the actual policies behind it. It's a grim reality, but we need to learn from this. The (far) right has done so already for a long time.

[Todd Martin · Rating 4 out of 5]

The Theory of Rational Choice states that individuals make a decision after evaluating their options in terms of costs and benefits. The rational individual then selects the option or outcome that provides the maximum net benefit. For example, in economics the rational consumer evaluates the merits of various products and selects the one that best meets their needs after taking cost into consideration. One can see how this theory would also apply to politics, where the voter selects the candidate whose policy positions provide the best outcome for the individual.

According to Drew Westen (professor in the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry at Emory University) this theory is entirely wrong. People vote for the candidate they’d rather have a beer with (or some other irrational criteria that they arrive at emotionally). Thus to be successful, it’s not sufficient for a candidate to have the best policies, they must appeal to the public’s values, identity and emotions.

This is somewhat distressing to those who are rationalists, but that’s the way our brains evolved and there is ample scientific evidence from psychological and neurological studies to back up this conclusion (much of which Westen covers in the book).

Examples of emotions triumphing over common sense include:
Blue collar republicans who consistently vote against their personal interests for republican billionaires whose policies transfer wealth upwards to the very richest.
1.2 million liberals who voted for Jill Stein in the 2016 presidential election despite the fact that her chance of winning didn’t approach zero … it was, in point of fact, exactly zero.
Neither of these choices makes any ‘rational’ sense, they can only be explained in terms of emotions.

In The Political Brain, Westen examines techniques that a political party could use to make their message resonate with voters. The book was published in 2007 a few years after John Kerry was effectively ‘swift-boated’ (a term that came about as a result of false attack ads that were run against Kerry by the group Swift Boat Veterans for Truth, despite the fact that his opponent, George W. Bush, had demonstrably dodged the draft) and is an attempt to convince democrats to change the way they run their campaigns. To boil down Westen’s message, democrats need to have courage in their convictions and need to express those convictions in terms of morals and values.

Unfortunately, based on the results of the 2016 election, establishment democrats still don’t get it. Hillary Clinton had well-reasoned and detailed policy positions on everything from taxes, to substance abuse, and climate change to criminal justice. Yet none of it mattered because she seemed unable to establish an emotional connection with voters or to communicate her core values and beliefs. Instead, she was perceived as a unlikable political triangulator who’s values shifted along with each new poll. The result is that republicans now currently control the presidency, congress and supreme court despite the fact that Americans prefer the policies of democrats over those of the GOP.

[Lance · Rating 4 out of 5]

While reading the book, "Win Every Argument," by Mehdi Hasan, the author referenced the book, "The Political Brain, The Role of Emotion in Deciding the Fate of the Nation," by Drew Westen. What made the book of interest to me is that, in my limited political experience, I've always tried to navigate from a point of logic and information instead of passion. Passion is all well and good, but I've seen too much go wrong in politics when the electorate are encouraged by politicians to engage in passion over intellect.

Additionally, while I do not claim any particular expertise in scripture, and I'm certainly no paragon of virtue where it is concerned, I do find my understanding of The Holy Bible leading me in the direction of dispassion - thought over emotion - by no means to any extreme, but definitely more Stoic than Epicurean. Such verses as Colossians 3:5 which states, "Put to death therefore what is earthly in you: sexual immorality, impurity, 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧, evil desire, and covetousness, which is idolatry," and James 4:1 which says, "What causes quarrels and what causes fights among you? Is it not this, that your 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 are at war within you?" It is possible that the passions spoken of here include sexual passions, but other verses in other books talk about types of passion - envy, boasting, arrogance, etc - that contribute to my tendency to prefer stoic non-passion to just blasting off like a rocket over every passion-inducing event that comes along.

So it came as a bit of a shock (and will lead to a need to rework my personal methodology where politics is concerned) that passion rules in politics. The trick is to be the politician to wield this weapon for good, not ill.

The author writes, "The dispassionate vision of mind and brain takes as axiomatic a trickle-up theory of politics, which assumes that voters start by evaluating policy positions, and that the results of these evaluations gradually trickle up into voting decisions (Chapter 16, page 418 of 479)." This is the approach I use. Apparently, though, for the vast majority of you, my fellow citizens, this is not how you operate. The author points out that most victorious candidates have the ability to, "...move people to tears, laughter, compassion, anger, and feelings of sanctity. They tell compelling stories. They speak at the level of principled stands. They provide emotionally compelling examples of the ways they would govern, signature issues that illustrate their principles and foster identification [with their electorate] (Chapter 16, page 418-419 of 479)."

This does not mean a candidate has to lie. But s/he needs to connect at the level of passion, emotion, because only a small subset of us exist in a realm of stoicism. If you do not meet people where they are at, then you are not meeting them at their point of need. The responsibility is to never take advantage of their emotions. Using emotions to make connection is honorable. Using emotion to take control is not.

If you plan to run for anything, you may want to consider getting a copy of this book. It was enlightening.