Strafen: Punizioni : La condanna; La metamorfosi; Nella colonia penale

by Franz Kafka, Roberto Fertonani (Contributor), Franco Fortini (Translator)

I due anni dal 1912 al 1914 sono un periodo cruciale per il destino del Kafka scrittore, che tra mille dubbi e tormenti prende coscienza delle proprie capacità espressive, e riconosce la fatale necessità del suo "essere letteratura". E' il periodo in cui concepisce "Il processo", elabora il suo romanzo "americano" "Il disperso", scrive i tre racconti raccolti in questo volume: "Il verdetto" (elaborato di getto due giorni dopo aver conosciuto la giovane ebrea berlinese Felice Bauer), "La metamorfosi" e "Nella colonia penale". Secondo un progetto editoriale che poi non andò in porto per un ripensamento finale dell'autore, i tre racconti avrebbero dovuto uscire sotto il titolo di "Punizioni".

Genres: Czech Literature

209 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 1997

About the author

Franz Kafka was a German-speaking writer from Prague whose work became one of the foundations of modern literature, even though he published only a small part of his writing during his lifetime. Born into a middle-class Jewish family in Prague, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Kafka grew up amid German, Czech, and Jewish cultural influences that shaped his sense of displacement and linguistic precision. His difficult relationship with his authoritarian father left a lasting mark, fostering feelings of guilt, anxiety, and inadequacy that became central themes in his fiction and personal writings.
Kafka studied law at the German University in Prague, earning a doctorate in 1906. He chose law for practical reasons rather than personal inclination, a compromise that troubled him throughout his life. After university, he worked for several insurance institutions, most notably the Workers Accident Insurance Institute for the Kingdom of Bohemia. His duties included assessing industrial accidents and drafting legal reports, work he carried out competently and responsibly. Nevertheless, Kafka regarded his professional life as an obstacle to his true vocation, and most of his writing was done at night or during periods of illness and leave. Kafka began publishing short prose pieces in his early adulthood, later collected in volumes such as Contemplation and A Country Doctor. These works attracted little attention at the time but already displayed the hallmarks of his mature style, including precise language, emotional restraint, and the application of calm logic to deeply unsettling situations. His major novels The Trial, The Castle, and Amerika were left unfinished and unpublished during his lifetime. They depict protagonists trapped within opaque systems of authority, facing accusations, rules, or hierarchies that remain unexplained and unreachable. Themes of alienation, guilt, bureaucracy, law, and punishment run throughout Kafka’s work. His characters often respond to absurd or terrifying circumstances with obedience or resignation, reflecting his own conflicted relationship with authority and obligation. Kafka’s prose avoids overt symbolism, yet his narratives function as powerful metaphors through structure, repetition, and tone. Ordinary environments gradually become nightmarish without losing their internal coherence. Kafka’s personal life was marked by emotional conflict, chronic self-doubt, and recurring illness. He formed intense but troubled romantic relationships, including engagements that he repeatedly broke off, fearing that marriage would interfere with his writing. His extensive correspondence and diaries reveal a relentless self-critic, deeply concerned with morality, spirituality, and the demands of artistic integrity. In his later years, Kafka’s health deteriorated due to tuberculosis, forcing him to withdraw from work and spend long periods in sanatoriums. Despite his illness, he continued writing when possible. He died young, leaving behind a large body of unpublished manuscripts. Before his death, he instructed his close friend Max Brod to destroy all of his remaining work. Brod ignored this request and instead edited and published Kafka’s novels, stories, and diaries, ensuring his posthumous reputation.
The publication of Kafka’s work after his death established him as one of the most influential writers of the twentieth century. The term Kafkaesque entered common usage to describe situations marked by oppressive bureaucracy, absurd logic, and existential anxiety. His writing has been interpreted through existential, religious, psychological, and political perspectives, though Kafka himself resisted definitive meanings. His enduring power lies in his ability to articulate modern anxiety with clarity and restraint.

Reviews

[Filippo · Rating 4 out of 5]

1) LA CONDANNA: In questo racconto, si capisce come i rapporti tra lo scrittore e il proprio padre siano davvero pessimi. Il protagonista non è lo stesso scrittore, ma è chiaro come, tra i due, ci siano delle vere somiglianze.

2) LA METAMORFOSI: Questo racconto mi è piaciuto. Il protagonista, Gregor Samsa, si sveglia scarafaggio. I temi di questo brano possono essere due: l'individuo si sente depresso, si sente una nullità, diciamo che il tema è la spersonalizzazione dell'individuo; il secondo è, ancora una volta, il difficile rapporto con il padre ma, anche con il resto della famiglia.

3) NELLA COLONIA PENALE: L'ultimo è diverso dagli altri. Qui si parla di una tortura, di come un uomo viene condannato per un fatto di poco conto (insubordinazione). La condanna che riceve è inumana. Tra l'altro egli, il condannato, non ha avuto modo di difendersi in alcun modo.

Tra i tre racconti, l'ultimo è quello che mi è piaciuto di più. Davvero ben costruito. Ho dato tre stelline su quattro perchè il primo non mi è piaciuto molto, rispetto agli altri due. Kafka è un ottimo scrittore, tutti dovrebbero leggere almeno un suo brano.