Good Boss, Bad Boss: How to Be the Best and Learn from the Worst by Robert I. Sutton, PhD
Over the more than 700 books I have reviewed, this is one of the best. It is well-written, well-documented, and completely relatable. While an academic, Sutton has compiled years of his own organizational research through many companies as well as hundreds of interviews from people with their own stories from all sorts of industries. Whatever his background, Sutton has also penned a book that flows very well and is easy to read. Sutton is a Stanford colleague of Chip & Dan Heath, whose books are also easily readable and practical, and there are clear similarities in style. I've previously reviewed 48 books related to leadership and management and this is the most helpful by far and has something for everyone. Other books are written by leaders or academics with too little experience in too few industries. This book has powerful testimonials from NASA to NASCAR, from Google to Pixar.
The book is the consequence of the author's previous book, The No Asshole Rule, which generated a massive response from random strangers wanting to tell him their story about their own problems at work: "In short, workplace assholes led me to write Good Boss, Bad Boss because I was inundated with so many people who yearned to be skilled bosses and to work for one." Sutton illustrates clearly what "skilled bosses" do, using studies from psychology and business, personal testimonials of employees and managers, and the author's own first-hand observations with companies. I read this book as a middle manager within a lengthy chain of command; someone who manages and mentors other staff without having hire/fire supervisory authority over them, often being the buffer between the mandates of higher officers and the staff.
One of the big takeaways for me was the need to be radically and constantly self-aware. Self-awareness is shown to decrease as power and rank increase. Most bosses, including those who claim to be "Level Five Leaders" are unaware that they're a problem, even while "75 percent of the workforce reports that their immediate supervisor is the most stressful part of their job." Studies are cited showing the ill health effects of people who work for difficult bosses. Employees don't often rate their companies based on senior management or benefits, but rather how they feel treated by their immediate supervisor. "(P)eople do not quit organizations, they quit bad bosses." The author explains various types of bad bosses and what not to do and juxtaposing them against best practices and good examples. Bosses must remember that employees "watch every move you make-- and so they know a lot more about you than you know about them." People watch you in an effort to gain some control and predictability about their path. One idea: "Post a bosshole bounty: pay twenty dollars to anyone who tells you when you have been a jerk."
Another takeaway is that "small wins are the path." Effective bosses fail often-- they do the wrong thing just a little bit more than they do the right thing. But showing confidence by owning up to one's mistakes and actually listening to others is crucial to gaining trust in the workplace. Owning up to mistakes that weren't ones own is also a key-- good bosses actually project that they have more power over outcomes than they actually do (!). Hence they can take credit for things that "go right" and take the blame for failures that they internally know were more the outcome of randomness. Having long-term goals for your team and yourself, and showing dogged determination while working toward them each day, is a good way to keep your team with you.
Sutton also notes that the best bosses in complex work environments help staff to "break down problems into bite-sized pieces and talk and act like each little task is something that people can complete without great difficulty." Framing their tasks as a series of steps "leads to better decisions, sustains motivation, and helps people experience less distress." One of my favorite examples came from Hendrick Motorsports, which greatly improved pit stop times by (revolutionary at the time) breaking each stop into steps and practicing those steps to perfection, helping identify ways they could improve the outcome.
"Wise bosses are devoted to knowing what they don't know...search for signs they are wrong...a healthy balance between courage and humility." A good boss creates a safe environment where people can share ideas freely, where he protects those with contrarian opinions, and also forgives the mistakes of others while remembering the lessons of those mistakes. Given that wise bosses ask for help, one of the best pieces of advice that is apropos to my work environment: "Effective bosses (also) shield people so they can do their work. Bosses who ask for too much input and assistance make it tough to concentrate...(L)et workers work." Great bosses don't waste their peoples' time and "doggedly protects followers from outsiders."
Sutton shows several companies' organizational structure and how they incentivize their teams to collaborate creatively. Highly-successful companies like Procter & Gamble and Southwest Airlines reward both individual contributions and also collaboration across teams. Successful managers recruit and hire people who create energy and enthusiasm, described as "interconnected energizers," and eliminate or neutralize the "downers," those who spread toxic negativity.
One of my favorite studies cited in the book comes from psychologists conducting a random experiment in the Israeli military. Drill Randomly "anointed" soldiers were treated differently by their drill instructors who had been told (falsely) that the soldiers had a high level of command potential. These randomly-selected soldiers came to believe they had special talents and went on to actually display superior performance on many tasks, including firing weapons and reading maps. The study shows that the self-fulfilling prophecy works: drill instructors believed they had potential, coached them to that level, and saw the lie transform into reality. Smart bosses can spark performance by expressing utmost confidence in their people. This comes back to the concept of breaking down the assignment or goal into achievable tasks and making the key messages simple and repeatable.
A key lesson for me was the importance of "developing the fine art of indifference and emotional detachment." A boss needs to be able to have thick skin. There will always be downers, energy-drainers, and critics. The key is to focus on long-term goals and focus your investment on the creative energizers. "Don't mindlessly compare yourself to others. What is right for them could be wrong for you. Worse yet, the people you imitate might be complete dolts." A good boss also wins trust with his team by paying attention to the details, being willing to roll up their sleeves and do the menial tasks in an effort to be familiar and empathetic with what the team faces each day.
Perhaps the most difficult item in the book was to practice the art of "creative incompetence," coming from a 1960s parody The Peter Principle. The better you are at your job, the more tasks and greater percentage of the workload you will get. If you choose to appear incompetent at things that you think are irrelevant to doing jor current job well, "your superiors will leap to the false conclusion that 'you have already reached your level of incompetence.'" For a typical people-pleaser like myself, it is hard to purposefully appear incompetent at something (suggestions include dressing shabbily, showing up late to a particular meeting, losing paperwork, etc.) But if it avoids bosses giving you additional work because they think you've reached your productive limit, that is a positive for focusing on what really matters in your job. " Are you entertaining a constant parade of visitors whom other bosses don’t believe are worth wasting time with? If you can’t wiggle out of such chores, perhaps it is time for a bit of creative incompetence."
The book also deals with what bosses should do during difficult seasons like downsizing, and how to deal with layoffs. Many of the communication principles in this section are the same as in Managing Transitions by William & Susan Bridges. Honesty and constant sharing of information are important. "Once people believe you are a liar, all the authentic prediction, understanding, control, and compassion in the world may not be enough to save you—or your organization—from the fury and vengeance provoked by your past sins."
The epilogue contains many helpful insights gained post-publishing. The author makes several follow-on points, including that there really isn't such a real distinction between leadership and management as others might purport and the definition of a great boss/leader/manager needs no reinvention. Feedback from readers led him to add another type of boss neglected in the book-- one who is civilized and caring, but horrible because he/she is incompetent. Companies often protect this person because he is "such a nice guy" even though he drives employees and senior management crazy. There is also some good advice on keeping teams lean and addition by subtraction, this material will hopefully lead to an additional book.
In all, I give this book five stars and recommend it to everyone. It's one of the best books I have read about any topic.