Jacobean dramatists loved portraying witches on stage. This was partly a reflection of the political climate at the time. The king had written a famous pamphlet on demonology, so witch plays were a good way to court royal favour, and to cash in on the fashionable issue of the age.
The subject matter was also popular with audiences. It still is. Why else would I have bought a book of three Jacobean plays about witchcraft? Of course nowadays our attitude towards witches has moved towards sympathy with the witch, but we still enjoy a good evil witch from time to time.
Witches were also useful from an aesthetic point of view. The vile practices of witchcraft provided a metaphor for the evil intrigues of the rich and powerful, and also the darker side lurking in every human heart.
One thing all the (male) playwrights agreed was that witches were a real thing, and that they were evil. The witches are ugly twisted creatures, hardly women at all (in Macbeth they have beards). Their schemes are mostly designed to corrupt others, and they are in league with the devil.
What makes The Witch of Edmonton intriguing is that we have a witch who is for once largely sympathetic, even though the play is based on a real-life case where a woman was hanged for witchcraft.
Elizabeth Sawyer may seem at first glance to be the typical hag of witchcraft mythology. She is elderly, ugly, poor, disabled and has a curst manner. (Quite a number of women who were tried as witches were similarly known for having a sharp tongue. Heaven forfend that any woman should speak up for herself!)
As far as the townsfolk are concerned, Mother Sawyer is a witch, and she is persecuted, taunted and beaten for her alleged crime. In fact the unhappy lady is not a witch at the start of the play, but becomes one as a result of her mistreatment by the locals.
A devil appears to Mother Sawyer in the form of a dog. This dog, possibly difficult to convincingly portray on stage, is a splendid comic character, shrewdly mocking and manipulating the people of the town, but untouchable since it is an other-worldly spirit.
It is Mother Sawyer’s vindictive attitude towards those who have wronged her which brings the devil to her. Her actions in forming a league with the devil and inviting terrible things on her neighbours may be appalling, but we can understand it. Since the dog threatens to tear her to pieces if she does not sign away her soul and body, and since Mother Sawyer has no reason to feel love of her tormentors, her corruption is assured.
Indeed the dog exists as a metaphor for our evil thoughts. When we stray from the moral path, then we let the devil into our life, the playwrights seem to be saying. This is reflected in the play’s main plot.
Frank Thorney has married the maid of his employer, Sir Arthur Clarington, because she is pregnant. Unknown to him, Sir Arthur has already deflowered Winifred, and there may be some doubt about the parentage of her child. While Winifred deceives Frank until the last, she does renounce her affair with Sir Arthur, and agrees to remain faithful to Frank.
If the play seems sympathetic towards a woman hated by society, we must also note its sympathy towards the fallen woman, Winifred. She is the most upright character in the play, following her early dalliance. She is loyal to Frank, but is willing to expose his actions for the good of others.
Frank cannot admit to his marriage, because his father, Old Thorney, wants him to marry a wealthier woman. Indeed the family’s financial difficulties depend so heavily on this marriage that Frank is forced to commit bigamy by marrying Susan Carter for her dowry.
Whether or not we have a modicum of sympathy for the weak-natured Frank’s predicament, matters take a darker turn when the dog influences Frank to murder Susan after he has got her money.
What are we to make of this turn of events? Is Frank culpable for the crime or under the influence of the devil? Is the devil merely tapping into hidden evil desires in Frank’s own heart?
Frank must pay the price for his crime, but the play is somewhat easy on him. His punishment is tragic but it is attended by forgiveness from all the people that he has wronged. His fate is grieved by the townsfolk.
This is in contrast to Mother Sawyer, whose repentance is less than complete, and whose punishment is accepted by her victims as an act of justice. Of course her actions are worse than those of Frank, but we have seen enough of her plight to supply the pity for Mother Sawyer that the other characters cannot feel.
A curious tonic for the wickedness of the other characters comes from Cuddy Banks, a doltish young man who befriends the dog, and yet somehow fails to be corrupted by it. The dog certainly makes a fool of Cuddy. His attempts to court a woman are used to perform pranks at his expense.
An innocent Morris dancing ritual (a model for order and harmony) is disrupted by the work of the dog acting on behalf of Cuddy.
Nonetheless Cuddy treats the dog as a dog, rather than as a devil, thereby remaining pure albeit an embodiment of purer stupidity. At the end he is continuing to treat the devil as a dog, and suggesting the dog finds a new career working for a butcher.
It was not uncommon for plays to be works of collaboration in those days, and this play has a wealth of talent behind it, with William Rowley, Thomas Dekker and John Ford all having worked on it. (For good measure, after the three writers’ names, the title page adds ‘&C’ hinting that there might be even more writers.)
Too many writers is never a good thing, as the vision of any one writer is lost in the collaboration, all the more so when there are more than two writers. Nonetheless, despite the dilution of so many writers, The Witch of Edmonton holds together surprisingly well, mixing comedy and tragedy to good effect.
It is also one of the few Jacobean witchcraft plays that comes closer to expressing the view of witches that we now hold today, even if the play moves away from this in its later scenes.