The field of neuroimaging has reached a watershed. Brain imaging researchhas been the source of many advances in cognitive neuroscience and cognitive scienceover the last decade, but recent critiques and emerging trends are raisingfoundational issues of methodology, measurement, and theory. Indeed, concerns overinterpretation of brain maps have created serious controversies in socialneuroscience, and, more important, point to a larger set of issues that lie at theheart of the entire brain mapping enterprise. In this volume, leadingscholars--neuroimagers and philosophers of mind--reexamine these central issues andexplore current controversies that have arisen in cognitive science, cognitiveneuroscience, computer science, and signal processing.The contributors address bothstatistical and dynamical analysis and modeling of neuroimaging data andinterpretation, discussing localization, modularity, and neuroimagers' tacitassumptions about how these two phenomena are related; controversies overcorrelation of fMRI data and social attributions (recently characterized for good orill as "voodoo correlations"); and the standard inferential designapproach in neuroimaging. Finally, the contributors take a more philosophicalperspective, considering the nature of measurement in brain imaging, and offer aframework for novel neuroimaging data structures (effective and functionalconnectivity--"graphs").Contributors William Bechtel, Bharat Biswal, Matthew Brett, Martin Bunzl, Max Coltheart, Karl J. Friston, Joy J. Geng, ClarkGlymour, Kalanit Grill-Spector, Stephen Jos? Hanson, Trevor Harley, Gilbert Harman, James V. Haxby, Rik N. Henson, Nancy Kanwisher, Colin Klein, Richard Loosemore, S?bastien Meriaux, Chris Mole, Jeanette A. Mumford, Russell A. Poldrack, Jean-Baptiste Poline, Richard C. Richardson, Alexis Roche, Adina L. Roskies, PiaRotshtein, Rebecca Saxe, Philipp Sterzer, Bertrand Thirion, Edward Vul