My review is broken up into 3 main parts and a further suggested readings sections. My essay will focus a critique on a contention in this book and how the scholarly record was misrendered. For some background, there are 2 essays in this book that differ in their explanation of the causes of the 1947-1949 Palestinian Exodus. The first one is authored by Historian Benny Morris, while the second one is authored by Historian Laila Parsons. Morris advances, what's been dubbed, his "randomness hypothesis" which posits that the 1947-1949 Palestinian Exodus was not a result of any sort of central planning but rather as a result of security measures and chaos in the midst of war and primarily the result of local initiatives. Laila Parsons posits that in fact there was a master plan. My review is not to break down who I think is right and wrong, although I do believe that Parsons makes a better case in support for her thesis. Rather, I critique Parsons for misrendering the historiography of the Palestinian Exodus of 1947-1949.
1)
a) One the first page of her essay, Parsons highlights how Morris' randomness hypothesis was forwarded in his classic work, 'The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem," and that this hypothesis, conveyed primarily in the conclusion chapter of his book, faced criticism. Although she doesn't say this outright, she highlights a peer-reviewed debate hosted in the pages of the 'Journal of Palestine Studies' between Political Scientists Nur-Eldeen Masalha and Norman Gary Finkelstein on one side, advancing the same broad categorical hypothesis as Parsons, and Morris on the other, defending his thesis.
b) Parsons correctly renders the fact that Finkelstein points to internal inconsistencies in Morris' work, while Masalha points to newer evidence. That's however also not quite correct, in that Masalha also points to inconsistencies in Morris' work while Finkelstein cites other secondary scholarship.
2)
a) However, Parsons makes a gravely misleading comment by claiming the following:
"On the whole, Morris convincingly refutes Finkelstein and Masalha. He picks apart Finkelstein’s list of purported inconsistencies point by point. He also claims that Masalha’s conclusions are based on the fallacy of post hoc ergo propter hoc" (see page 61).
The reason why this is extraordinarily misleading is twofold:
1. Anyone who has read Morris' response to Finkelstein and Masalha cannot, in good faith, come away with the impression, upon a careful examination of the evidence and arguments on both sides, that Morris came out of that debate victorious. Much of Morris' comments are juvenile and he tends to simply appeal to his own authority without taking into consideration the secondary sources offered by Masalha and Finkelstein. But not just that, even if someone did come away with that feeling, then it is difficult to believe they'd retain it after reading Finkelstein's rejoinder, which Parsons failed to even mention, thereby deceiving readers.
Rather than breakdown everything Morris says, I'll turn to Finkelstein, which Parsons failed to do, who breaks it down rather well:
- Finkelstein first gives the following in response to Morris' critique of Finkelstein's rendering of the fall of Haifa:
-- "A. 'Finkelstein refers to [the] events [during the Haifa offensive] as 'atrocities,' whereas I have found no evidence of any 'atrocity' committed in Arab Haifa during and after its capture" (Response, p. 105). But the Morris who wrote Birth had found such evidence." Finkelstein then provides the following excerpt from Morris own study:
"The 3-inch mortars "opened up on the market square [where there was] a great crowd ... a great panic took hold. The multitude burst into the port, pushed aside the policemen, charged the boats and began fleeing the town." British observers noted that "during the morning they [i.e., the Haganah] were continually shooting down on all Arabs who moved both in Wadi Nisnas and the Old City. This included completely indiscriminate and revolting machinegun fire and sniping on women and children ... attempting to get out of Haifa through the gates into the docks . .. There was considerable congestion outside the East Gate [of the port] of hysterical and terrified Arab women and children and old people on whom the Jews opened up mercilessly with fire" (Birth, p. 85f.; interpolations in original)."
Finkelstein continues on, writing, "'[Clompletely indiscriminate and revolting machinegun fire and sniping on women and children,' 'hysterical and terrified Arab women and children and old people on whom the Jews opened up mercilessly with fire'-this would appear to be ample evidence of atrocities."
-- "B. 'Finkelstein, forever a purveyor of Jewish malice, states flatly-and without an iota of proof-that the shelling [of Haifa harbor] was designed to precipitate an exodus' (Response, p. 105). Contrariwise, Morris stated flatly that the purpose of the shelling was only to break the Arab resistance and speed the Arab surrender (Birth, p. 85). He knew this was the case because the Haganah commander, Moshe Carmel, 'afterwards said' so. Indeed, Morris goes so far as to aver in his response that 'none' of the Haganah commanders even 'expected' that the murderous shelling of Haifa 'would result in the Arabs' flight.' I quoted Uri Milstein, whom the 'old' Morris acclaimed as the 'definitive' military historian of the 1948 war Jerusalem Post International Edition, 20 May 1989), to the effect that the purpose of the shelling was indeed to precipitate Arab flight. Milstein's finding jibed both with the 'militant thinking' to expel Haifa's Arabs in Carmeli Brigade headquarters and with a June 1948 IDF intelligence report pointing to the success of the 'indirect methods' used in Haifa to precipitate Arab flight (Birth, pp. 92-93; 1948, p. 71). The prudent move on my part seemed to be to go with the finding of the 'definitive' military historian of 1948 and not with the self-serving ex post facto account of the Zionist commander" (see "Rejoinder to Benny Morris" in Issue No. 2 of Vol. 21 of the 'Journal of Palestine Studies,' page 63).
-- "C. 'Finkelstein . .. in effect, ignores the remaining Arab leaders' decision to evacuate the town . . . and dismisses the . .. Jewish civilian leaders' pleas for the Arabs to stay' in accounting for the Arab exodus (Response, p. 105). Yet, the 'old' Morris reported that 'clearly th[e] [Haganahi offensive, and especially the mortaring ... precipitated the mass exodus' (Birth, p. 85; 1948, p. 21), and that the Arab-Jewish-British parleys proved largely irrelevant to the actual unfolding of events in Haifa since 'the civilian [Zionist] authorities were saying one thing and the Haganah was doing something else altogether' (Birth, p. 90)."
-- "D. 'Finkelstein ignores my explanation-based on documentation-of how and why the Arab leaders opted for the solution of evacuation. . .' (Response, p. 105). Yet, the only evidence Morris presented to support his explanation that the Arab leaders feared retribution from fellow Arabs was the 'recollection of the events a year later' of one of the Zionist parties to the Haifa negotiations. The rest, as he freely admitted ('The shadow of the Husayni terrorism of 1936-39 apparently loomed over. .. .' 'Perhaps these 'instructions' . .. .' and so on), was pure speculation (Birth, pp. 83-84." "As it happens, Walid Khalidi, who has written with as much authority as any historian on Haifa, speculated in a rather different direction (the Arab leaders were trying to force the hand of the local British authorities), also with scanty evidence (cf. 'The Fall of Haifa,' in Middle East Forum, December 1959). The prudent move here seemed to be to suspend judgment-or, as Morris rather less felicitously puts it, to 'clam[] up'" (see "Rejoinder to Benny Morris" in Issue No. 2 of Vol. 21 of the 'Journal of Palestine Studies,' page 64).
- As Finkelstein points out, however curious readers or skeptics are free to read Morris' article, Morris mostly engages in ad hominem attacks onto Finkelstein and Masalha
Perhaps the weakest response to Morris' critique that Finkelstein provides is the following:
"C. The clearly identified source for the claim that the Zionists, not the Arabs, 'mostly fabricated or exaggerated' the reports on Dayr Yasin was the above-mentioned Uri Milstein, who I carefully described as "authoritative (if controversial)' (Myths, p. 72). In this connection, I want to point to a dilemma posed by Morris's response: Morris repeatedly faults me for relying heavily on his research, yet he apparently considers himself the only reliable authority on 1948. Thus, he dismisses every other source I cite-Milstein, Palumbo, Khalidi, Pa'il, Teveth-with more or less (usually more) contempt. Why, incidentally, was it wrong to rely on Morris if the explicitly stated main purpose of my essay was an internal critique of Morris (see Myths, p. 67)?" (see "Rejoinder to Benny Morris" in Issue No. 2 of Vol. 21 of the 'Journal of Palestine Studies,' pages 65-66).
To be fair to Morris, Finkelstein cites a newspaper interview in which Milstein makes the claim that Finkelstein uses to substantiate his claim, which Morris believes to be an example of poor sourcing, given that Finkelstein should have rather cited an academic book or peer-reviewed article. Finkelstein would have done well to demonstrate or make clear that Milstein's claim regarding Dayr Yasin is consistent with what Milstein had written in his scholarly study of Dayr Yasin, found in the 4th volume (if I recall correctly) of Milstein's "The History of the War of Independence." Finkelstein should have also further asserted that this would not been an anomaly, as per the findings of Walid Khalidi in his classic peer-reviewed study, "Why Did the Palestinians Leave?"
2. By dismissing Masalha, readers ignore crucial evidence, not just produced by Masalha, but also the contradictions pointed to by Masalha. By simply suggesting that Masalha's critique of Morris amounts to a presentation of novel data is support of a hypothesis contrary to that which is posited by Morris, readers miss the fact that what Masalha does is a precursor to his later monograph. Furthermore, Masalha also points to other claims made by Morris in other publications that contradict his work. Morris fails to demonstrate *how* these are misquotes and Parsons fails to mention any of this at all.
b) To be fair to Parsons, it is not her job to know every single article ever written on the Palestinian exodus. And, she did not intend to write a literature review. However, if one is going to render past scholarship, then it should not be too difficult to look at the subsequent volume containing the rejoinder by Finkelstein, so even look at the critiques leveled against Finkelstein and Masalha by Morris more thoroughly to ascertain the true hollowness of them.
3)
a) For Nur-Eldeen Masalha's full monograph on 'tranfer' in Zionist political thought leading up to the 1947-1949 Palestinian Exodus, readers are encouraged to read "The Expulsion of the Palestinians."
b) For Norman Gary Finkelstein's full critique of Morris (which readers are encouraged to read), given that it was sadly cut down when published as an article in the pages of the 'Journal of Palestine Studies,' readers may find it in the pages of Finkelstein's monograph, "Image and Reality of the Israel-Palestine Conflict" (see 2nd Edition).
c) For a good historiography of the 'Nakba,' readers are encouraged to read chapter 1 of "Nakba and Survival" by Historian Adel Manna.