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Jesus and Judaism
Why was Jesus crucified? Precisely how did his teaching differ from other contemporary strands of Judaism? Sanders offers his answers in this provocative and illuminating study.
460 pages, Paperback
First published November 30, 1984
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About the author
E.P. Sanders
22 books71 followersEd Parish Sanders is a New Testament scholar, and is one of the principal proponents of the New Perspective on Paul. He has been Arts and Sciences Professor of Religion at Duke University, North Carolina, since 1990. He retired in 2005
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Displaying 1 - 11 of 11 reviews
June 29, 2017
In this volume from 1985, E.P. Sanders attempts to elucidate, from an historical perspective, the position of Jesus Christ within first century Judaism, and to account for his execution and the subsequent divergence of the early Christian church from the Jewish tradition from which they sprang. The picture he paints is that Jesus neither strongly identified with any of the major sects thriving at that time, nor, in principle, stood in stark opposition to any of them (and particularly the Pharisees). He is portrayed as a disciple of John the Baptist who, nonetheless, split from him on a number of key issues without, however, falling into direct conflict with, or necessarily contradicting, John. Sanders views Jesus as simply one in a series of eschatological prophets, and one who was unique only in that his followers established a church which has survived (albeit in a highly sectarian fashion) down to the present day.
Of particular interest in this regard is the question of why Jesus was enough of a threat to the status quo to warrant execution, while his followers were persecuted only much later. Sanders takes great pains to separate likely evidence from that which is purely conjectural, and concludes that Jesus' so-called "cleansing" action in the temple coupled with the extent of his following marked him as a target by the authorities who, nonetheless, did not consider his following large enough to foment a full-blown insurrection. In short, the authorities hoped that by removing the head, the body would wither. The question then becomes, why did the body live on?
Sanders asserts that both Jesus and his followers adhered to Mosaic Law and did not consciously attempt to overhaul Judaism, but, rather intended to "fine tune" it according the widely-accepted eschatological beliefs of the day. Thus, the Law would not be discarded wholesale, only those portions of it which were incompatible with the perceived coming age. Likewise, additions and amendments, also compatible with the coming "kingdom" would also be necessitated. As to the admission of Gentiles, Sanders proposes that Jesus -- and the early church -- expected them to live according to the covenant which characterized Judaism, but without the necessity to fulfill those obligation which pertained to membership within the pre-existing covenantal community.
Announcing such changes was no more than any eschatological prophet of the day would do, since it largely reiterated Old Testament prophecies. Sanders leaves open such questions as whether or not Jesus offended his contemporaries by explicitly identifying as the "king" of the coming age, or under the rather ambiguous term "Son of man." If so, Jesus would have placed his authority above that of Moses, which may have been a point of irritation, but one not worthy of death. It was, rather, the threat to the temple accompanied by his physical actions within it which, it was feared, would solidify his followers' perception that the beginning of the end was near in the person of Jesus. However, it was precisely because he did not break definitively from Jewish tradition that his followers remained unmolested following his death. And it was during this early church period that, due to conflicts between the covenantal Jews and the newly-admitted Gentiles, Paul and other early church leaders were forced to interpret, and in some cases seemingly contradict, Jesus' intent. Naturally enough, as the movement gained momentum, persecution followed suit.
On the whole, this was an interesting, although a challenging, read. This is not light material, and Sanders' writing style does little to lighten the load. Apart from wondering how subsequent scholarship has responded to his assertions in the intervening 30-plus years, the two main criticism I have to make deal not with content, but with form. First of all, Sanders, in common with many scholarly writers, has a tendency to reiterate his points to death. In so doing, he actually creates the necessity for doing so, because this amounts to heavily padding what is already an extremely dense and difficult read, making it that much more challenging to hold the complete argument in mind as it unfolds. This tendency is enormously exacerbated by the huge volume of endnotes which, relegated to the back of the book, require the reader to flip back and forth almost continually, which further impedes the flow of the author's argument. Finally, the staggering number of biblical references which are embedded within both the primary text and the endnotes require the reader to crack open a (printed or online) Bible ceaselessly. The result of all of this is that one page of Sanders' book takes four or five times as long to read as an average page of an average book on almost any other subject. I suppose some of this comes with the territory. But I also suppose that the author could have saved his readers quite a bit of agony by excising the bulk of the padding, condensing and incorporating the more substantive endnotes into the body of the text, and summarizing the subjects of the biblical references when listing them (a practice which he does, mercifully, on occasion). In short, a rewarding read, if not an easy one.
Of particular interest in this regard is the question of why Jesus was enough of a threat to the status quo to warrant execution, while his followers were persecuted only much later. Sanders takes great pains to separate likely evidence from that which is purely conjectural, and concludes that Jesus' so-called "cleansing" action in the temple coupled with the extent of his following marked him as a target by the authorities who, nonetheless, did not consider his following large enough to foment a full-blown insurrection. In short, the authorities hoped that by removing the head, the body would wither. The question then becomes, why did the body live on?
Sanders asserts that both Jesus and his followers adhered to Mosaic Law and did not consciously attempt to overhaul Judaism, but, rather intended to "fine tune" it according the widely-accepted eschatological beliefs of the day. Thus, the Law would not be discarded wholesale, only those portions of it which were incompatible with the perceived coming age. Likewise, additions and amendments, also compatible with the coming "kingdom" would also be necessitated. As to the admission of Gentiles, Sanders proposes that Jesus -- and the early church -- expected them to live according to the covenant which characterized Judaism, but without the necessity to fulfill those obligation which pertained to membership within the pre-existing covenantal community.
Announcing such changes was no more than any eschatological prophet of the day would do, since it largely reiterated Old Testament prophecies. Sanders leaves open such questions as whether or not Jesus offended his contemporaries by explicitly identifying as the "king" of the coming age, or under the rather ambiguous term "Son of man." If so, Jesus would have placed his authority above that of Moses, which may have been a point of irritation, but one not worthy of death. It was, rather, the threat to the temple accompanied by his physical actions within it which, it was feared, would solidify his followers' perception that the beginning of the end was near in the person of Jesus. However, it was precisely because he did not break definitively from Jewish tradition that his followers remained unmolested following his death. And it was during this early church period that, due to conflicts between the covenantal Jews and the newly-admitted Gentiles, Paul and other early church leaders were forced to interpret, and in some cases seemingly contradict, Jesus' intent. Naturally enough, as the movement gained momentum, persecution followed suit.
On the whole, this was an interesting, although a challenging, read. This is not light material, and Sanders' writing style does little to lighten the load. Apart from wondering how subsequent scholarship has responded to his assertions in the intervening 30-plus years, the two main criticism I have to make deal not with content, but with form. First of all, Sanders, in common with many scholarly writers, has a tendency to reiterate his points to death. In so doing, he actually creates the necessity for doing so, because this amounts to heavily padding what is already an extremely dense and difficult read, making it that much more challenging to hold the complete argument in mind as it unfolds. This tendency is enormously exacerbated by the huge volume of endnotes which, relegated to the back of the book, require the reader to flip back and forth almost continually, which further impedes the flow of the author's argument. Finally, the staggering number of biblical references which are embedded within both the primary text and the endnotes require the reader to crack open a (printed or online) Bible ceaselessly. The result of all of this is that one page of Sanders' book takes four or five times as long to read as an average page of an average book on almost any other subject. I suppose some of this comes with the territory. But I also suppose that the author could have saved his readers quite a bit of agony by excising the bulk of the padding, condensing and incorporating the more substantive endnotes into the body of the text, and summarizing the subjects of the biblical references when listing them (a practice which he does, mercifully, on occasion). In short, a rewarding read, if not an easy one.
July 21, 2017
It's pretty easy for works on the historical Jesus to start to run together after awhile, but what makes this especially interesting is the starting point: Jesus' disturbance of the Temple. It seems that recently most scholars in this vein start at Jesus' crucifixion and build out without a great deal of attention to Gospel texts themselves -- thus Jesus angered the Romans, thus he led a messianic movement, thus the Jewish authorities need not have been particularly involved at all, etc. By starting with the disturbance of the Temple Sanders is able to start with questions that particularly relate to Jesus' relationship to Judaism: what did he think of the Temple? What did he think of Torah? What did he think of his miracles? Focusing on this range of questions instead of simply "Why was Jesus killed, and therefore what kind of person would the Romans kill?" (I'm looking at you, Reza Aslan), Sanders is able to bring more information from our sources to bear on the question of the historical Jesus and explore Jesus' relationship to a range of Jewish institutions of his day.
December 6, 2025
A seminal work in New Testament studies from one of the best in several generations on the matter. I must admit, the introductory chapter (alongside another article series I'm reading) is making me realize I really dislike historiography. And there's a lot of that in the first third, a little in the middle third, and very little in the final third and that generally corresponded to how I enjoyed the book. Overall, the writing is academic but not terribly grating to read (it's a good idea to have the bible translation of your choice handy to reference if you do not know the Gospels by the back of your hand like I do not). The conclusion is so strong though that I bumped it probably from where I was feeling at the 3* range to 4*.
That said, I read a good number of academic works but there was a good bit above my level at times here because historical bible studies is an area I am new to. If that sounds like you it is probably better to start with his slightly later work "The Historical Figure of Jesus" which is a more general audience version of this very academic work. It is where I probably should have started. But it is a worthwhile read none the less and unlocks a new perspective on the historical Jesus for those willing to get in the weeds with it, especially in contrast to the theological perspective people are most likely more familiar with.
I look forward to returning to this work one day better prepared to meet it on its level in a future read.
That said, I read a good number of academic works but there was a good bit above my level at times here because historical bible studies is an area I am new to. If that sounds like you it is probably better to start with his slightly later work "The Historical Figure of Jesus" which is a more general audience version of this very academic work. It is where I probably should have started. But it is a worthwhile read none the less and unlocks a new perspective on the historical Jesus for those willing to get in the weeds with it, especially in contrast to the theological perspective people are most likely more familiar with.
I look forward to returning to this work one day better prepared to meet it on its level in a future read.
April 4, 2018
Sanders does well bringing in a holistic picture of 1C Judaism to understand Jesus, but as critics have pointed out he has an inconsistent methodology when assigning authenticity or inauthenticity to sayings. He spends significant time on the importance of the temple--which I'm convinced by--but arrives there by denying Mark 11:17 as authentic. He gives insignificant space for this claim and it's my opinion that he doesn't need to dismiss the saying to make the temple scene central to the execution of Jesus. Sanders wants to say it had nothing to do with purification and only symbolized future temple destruction. Personally, I learned a lot from this book, but the methodological issues are glaring and the reasoning behind certain decisions will feel thin at times.
April 10, 2020
A wonderful assessment for those pondering the questions of "who was Jesus, what was his vocation/mission, and why did he die (apart from the spiritual reasons)?" Sanders's assessment of the Temple and the Law were the highlights of this book, as well as identifying Jesus in the line of an eschatological prophet. However, Sanders's reasoning to remove the sayings of Jesus that did not line up with his arguments might be a poor hermeneutical approach for those who take double similarity or a narrative methodology of scripture. Yet, the point of this book is through the eyes of history more than faith, to which Sanders may be the best in his field. A much more delightful read than Paul and Palestinian Judaism. A must-read for anyone serious New Testament student.
August 24, 2018
Definitely a landmark in historical Jesus studies. Avoids the demonization of Judaism in the first century that is so common among NT scholars. At the same time, the book is essentially attempting to flesh out the theory presented in Sanders work on Paul and the law (PPJ). This theory controls his interpretation of the evidence more than anything. Poor historical method and poor writing fill the pages, but the book’s influence and importance cannot be overstated.
December 11, 2025
This book tackled some big questions I have been wondering. As a convert to Judaism, I wonder if historically, Jesus would have considered himself Jewish. His death is also interesting. Both are explored here. After the very academic and dense introduction I found this book engaging and captivating. I wish I knew more of the new testament passages being spoken about. I find myself agreeing with many of the authors conclusions. I'd be interested in other works like this.
August 26, 2022
Published 40 years ago, some data in the book are bound to appear dated. But time does not take away much what are indeed valuable insights in this book. Sanders does great critical modern schoalarship. His arguemenations, agreeing to them or not, are well worth reckoning.
August 11, 2016
I chose this book to read as one of several options from more liberal scholars on the historical Jesus as this work was named by some summaries as one of the catalysts for the third quest for the historical Jesus. Several very helpful insights within and an important read, however I found his dismissal of numerous sayings as weak without adequate discussion of criteria of authenticity. Glad to have read this book though.
March 16, 2016
Very much enjoyed that, after Sanders describes his own liberal and social-gospel church background, he says, "I am not bold enough... to suppose that Jesus came to establish it, or that the died for the sake of its principles." (334)
Sanders is clear that he works as a historian, not as a theologian. The book should be read accordingly.
Sanders is clear that he works as a historian, not as a theologian. The book should be read accordingly.
February 24, 2014
Sanders was actually surprisingly fun to read, and his critiques of protestant scholarship were helpful in a few key places.
Displaying 1 - 11 of 11 reviews