We've all heard about Chinese labor helping to build railroads in the 19th Century - such as the transcontinental railroad - but most of us do not know what happened to the Chinese labor after these mega projects were completed. This graphic history of what happened to the Chinese after they were no longer needed as cheap labor in North America is both eye-opening and highly moving.
Although the drawing isn't "fabulous" and the text is not particularly distinguished although it is clear, this book is definitely worthy of praise since it transmits valuable information about the tragic history of Chinese immigrants to the US and Canada in the 19th and 20th C - and what it took for the Chinese community to be accepted as full Canadian and US citizens. The reader will learn the sad story of the struggle of the Chinese immigrant in North America by reading this book. The book also packs an emotional wallop - since the history is conveyed by means of effects of laws and prejudice had on individuals, families, and the community.
"Escape to Gold Mountain" tells the story of Chinese immigration to North America - using a fictionalized story of a family (the Wongs) over several generations on both sides of the Pacific, as well as introducing real characters (such as Sun Yat Sen) into the narrative.
Most of the Chinese immigrants came from four counties near the city of Canton in S. China, drawn to North America by rumors of gold ("Gold Mountain" as the US was called) and job opportunities. Chinese labor in North America was was exploited and workers often cheated; moreover, once projects were completed, Chinese workers were ruthlessly, even murderously, hounded out of mining, agricultural, and other communities.
Chinese communities in the West and Western Canada suffered mass expulsions and massacres; Chinatowns were destroyed throughout the West as Chinese were driven out once their "usefulness" as cheap ended and they were then viewed as competing with whites for jobs. In addition, the Canadian and US governments each enacted various restrictive immigration laws, such that Chinese that were already in North America, were blocked from bringing family members over. Despite the cruelties, prejudice, and terrible hardships, Chinese immigrants persisted in trying to create a better life on a hostile continent. They eventually proved themselves in both world wars and they finally gaining acceptance at institutions of higher education and professional schools. The Chinese also achieved elected office in both countries. Finally, the restrictive immigration laws were rescinded and both the US and Canada officially apologized to the Chinese in North America for the decades of hardship, prejudice, unjust immigration laws, and so forth.
This is the story of a people who for decades could not catch a break: In China, either opportunities were limited, or there were never-ending wars. In North America, once railroad magnates or factory owners had finished with their exploitation of the cheap Chinese labor, the Chinese were expected to return to China, yet the industrious Chinese instead started businesses and farms. Brutal racism often ended these dreams, as racist mobs of white men throughout the Northwest and W. Canada decided that the Chinese were taking away jobs from whites; the mobs descended on Chinatowns, to smash Chinese-owned businesses and drive Chinese out before burning the Chinatowns to the ground. The history of lynchings and massacres of Chinese immigrants and destruction of Chinatowns throughout the West is not not widely known; however, the Chinese were yet another minority that was victimized by mob violence and institutional racism as well as the target of discriminatory immigration laws in Canada and the US. This is probably why what happened to the Chinese in America and Canada is not taught in school - since it is yet another example of how the majority white community picked on minority communities, in this instance, many times looting Chinese homes and businesses after driving out the Chinese before burning down Chinatowns.
An important take-away from the book is how the Chinese were viewed by whites in the 19th Century. The two groups could not communicate, and whites could only imagine what the Chinese were saying (and vice versa). One key to breaking down the barriers of prejudice is removing the reasons for misunderstanding by learning more about other cultures, studying other languages, and at least being courteous to others, if not friendly. The Chinese have exactly the same objectives as anyone else: To work, to make a living, to raise a family, and if possible make a contribution to the community - hopefully with each succeeding generation doing better educationally and financially than the prior generation. In this, the Chinese were no different than anyone else in North America. However, racism was widespread in North America, and anyone who wasn't white, was often, if not usually, mistreated and shunted aside. Things did change in North America after WW2, but prior to the war, racism unfortunately was pervasive and destructive.
Intolerance and prejudice still echo down through the ages - as the howling mobs at Trump rallies attest, and, on a daily basis, as Trump's idiotic tweets and racist comments about Latinos and anyone or any group who is not white, prove. Unfortunately, in the US, the American dream of "all men are created equal" has a long way to go before it is truly accepted by all.